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Introduction to Pandas DataFrame.describe()

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Syntax:

DataFrame.describe(self, percentiles=None, include=None, exclude=None)

Parameter:

Below are the parameters of Pandas DataFrame.describe() in Python:

Parameter Description

Percentiles Mentions the percentile value which needs to be followed for the dataframe. the value mentioned in the percentile should be within the range of 0 to 1. The default is [.25, .5, .75], which returns the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles.

Include This is another excellent parameter or argument in the pandas describe() function. it mentions the datatypes which need to be considered for the operations of the describe() method on the dataframe. so when the describe calculates the mean, count, etc, it considers the items in the dataframe which strictly falls under the mentioned data type. For considering only the numeric items for the operations then this parameter needs to be set as numpy. number, if all the objects from the given dataframe are alone considered then this data type needs to be set as numpy.object data type. this argument also has the latency to operate on the column level. so only some specific columns from the dataframe can be included using this option. for mentioning only specific columns from a dataframe use the ‘category’ value here. the default value for this argument is None which means to consider all the numeric columns alone from the dataframe for the considered operation. This argument is ignored for the series data structure in the pandas library.

Exclude This is another excellent parameter or argument in the pandas describe() function. it mentions the datatypes which need to be considered for the operations of the describe() method on the dataframe. so when the describe calculates the mean, count, etc, it excludes the items in the dataframe which strictly falls under the mentioned data type. For excluding only the numeric items for the operations then this parameter needs to be set as numpy. number, if all the objects from the given dataframe are alone excluded then this data type needs to be set as numpy.object data type. this argument also has the latency to operate on the column level. so only some specific columns from the dataframe can be excluded using this option. for mentioning only specific columns from a dataframe use the ‘category’ value here. the default value for this argument is None which means to exclude all the numeric columns alone from the dataframe for the operation performed. This is argument is again ignored for the series data structure in the pandas library.

Examples to Implement Pandas DataFrame.describe()

Below are the examples of Pandas DataFrame.describe():

Example #1

Code:

import pandas as pd Core_SERIES = pd.Series([ 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F']) print(" THE CORE SERIES ") print(Core_SERIES) print("") print(Core_SERIES.describe())

Output:

Explanation: The first example uses a pandas series data structure. this series data structure is composed of alphabetic string values, So as we notice the string values are alphabetic characters from A to F Once the series is completely formulated it is printed on to the console. The describe() function on the series determines the count value, unique characters in place, the frequency of occurrence of each of the characters the topmost character in the given series. These determined values are printed on to the console along with the data type value which is been handled. In this case, it is of type object.

Example #2

Code :

import pandas as pd import numpy Core_Dataframe = pd.DataFrame({'Emp_No' : [1,2,3,4], 'Employee_Name' : ['Arun', 'selva', 'rakesh', 'arjith'], 'Employee_dept' : ['CAD', 'CAD', 'DEV', 'CAD']}) print(" THE CORE DATAFRAME ") print(Core_Dataframe) print("") print(Core_Dataframe.describe(include=numpy.number))

Output:

Example #3

Code:

import pandas as pd Core_Dataframe = pd.DataFrame({'A' : [ 1, 6, 11, 15, 21, 26], 'B' : [2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27], 'C' : [3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28], 'D' : [4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29], 'E' : [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30]}) print(" THE CORE DATAFRAME ") print(Core_Dataframe) print("") print(Core_Dataframe.describe())

Output:

Explanation: In this example, the core dataframe is first formulated. pd.dataframe() is used for formulating the dataframe. Every row of the dataframe is inserted along with their column names. Once the dataframe is completely formulated it is printed on to the console. We can notice at this instance the dataframe holds a random set of numbers and alphabetic values of columns associated to it. With all items in the dataframe being of integer data type, so all the items are considered for the describe the () process. Again The describe() function offers the capability to flexibly calculate the count, mean, std, minimum value, the 25% percentile value, the 50% percentile value, the 75% percentile value, and the maximum value from the given dataframe and these values are printed on to the console.

Different Alternatives Of Lucidchart In Detail

Introduction to Lucidchart

Lucidchart is a web-based platform to design diagrams, which helps us understand the requirement better and easily. This tool allows us to easily share our ideas and information within the team and effectively process this information. This Lucidchart or Lucidchart alternative helps us visualize our ideas and information that others can understand. With the help of these, we can increase productivity because they help us implement things very fast and with all clarity we need.

Start Your Free Software Development Course

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We have so many alternatives for Lucidchart at present. Some are paid, and some are free, which can be used according to the need. Here we will see each alternative we have in detail with some guidance to use it effectively; also, we can design UML diagrams, flowcharts, database representation and much more quickly.

List of Lucidchart Alternative

Here we will see different alternatives we have for Lucidchart at present; we will see each in detail to know how to use it when needed.

1. SmartDraw

As we can see, it provides us with support and compatibility with various tools available.

So it can be the best choice to be the alternative for Lucidchart.

Usage of SmartDraw:

Process Management

Technical Drawing

Visual Communication

Data Flow Diagram

Mind Mapping

List of UML Tools

List of Concept- And Mind-Mapping Software

Flowchart

List of Concept Mapping Software

Operating System:

Mac

Windows 10

Windows 7

Vista

Use:

1. Go to their official website by typing the below link.

2. They will ask for a sign up which you can create or use the existing one if you have one.

3. After this, we can create the diagram according to our needs.

2. Draw.io

Use:

1. First type chúng tôi in the browser, then you will navigate to the below URL:

3. Creately

This is also one of the alternatives for Lucidchart we have. This tool comes up with two editions; one is offline, and another one is cloud-based. Creately is a Saas-based tool that helps us easily visualize ideas, information, and business requirements as part of the process.

Below is the list of areas where we can use this tool to increase productivity and stabilize things.

Usage:

Infographic

Technical Drawing

Data Flow Diagram

Mind Mapping

Data Visualization

Flow Charts

Business Charts

Projects Charts

Organizational Charts

Mind Maps

UMLS

Operation System

Linux

Windows

Mac

Use:

1. To use it, go to their official website by typing the following link in the browser.

2. After signing up, you can start using this tool; it has all the options available to create the desired diagram.

You will see the below page once you start with it.

4. Gliffy

This is also one of the alternatives we have for Lucidchart, which is easily accessible also. This tool is based on HTML5 and is a cloud-based app. It is also used to serve the same purpose that we are discussing to create the diagrams. It helps us to create flowcharts, UML, and many more things. It also helps us to share ideas and information easily and clearly with the organization.

Usage:

Floor Plans

Flow Charts

UML

Venn Diagrams

Also, we can design some other kinds of diagrams online only.

Browsers List:

Internet Explorer 9+

Google Chrome

Safari

Firefox

Use:

1. To use this tool, we can easily type in the URL in the browser to start with it.

2. After this, we need to sign up to use it. Then only, we can start using the tool.

You will see the below page on the browser for Gliffy.

Conclusion – Lucidchart Alternative

We have many options for Lucidchart alternatives; some are free, and some are paid. We can go ahead with any tools that suit our requirements better. But these tools are very helpful for the organization to understand the need and increase the team’s productivity.

How Instagram Search Works: Explained In Detail

Instagram Search: Explained in Detail (2023)

In the blog post, Mosseri explained a few significant features that the Search functionality on Instagram leverages to deliver relevant search results while keeping them safe for the users. So, when a user searches for a certain topic or account on Instagram, the company makes sure they get the most relevant results curated for them.

Ranking Search Results

The first thing that Instagram Search does is rank the search results based on their relevance to the users. To do this right, the platform leverages other data from accounts, hashtags, and places, which are essentially called Signals, to rank and curate the search results of users.

Your text in Search – One of the primary elements on which your Instagram search results will depend is the text you enter in the search field. So, once you start typing texts into the search bar on Instagram, the search tool matches relevant usernames, places, and bios to deliver appreciable search results.

Your Activity – Other than the search text, the search tool also takes your activity on the platform into account. This includes accounts you follow, posts you have viewed, with which accounts you interacted in the past, and how. This way, it is able to deliver exactly what you are looking for on the search results page.

How Instagram Keeps Search Safe

Mosseri also explained the ways through which the company keeps the search functionality remain safe for users. So, as per the Instagram head, the company restricts accounts that spam posts or violate the guidelines to show up at the top of the search results. For these kinds of accounts, users must put their full username on a search bar to find them on the platform.

Furthermore, the company balances the search results for sensitive topics with “additional safety measures” to ensure that no harmful content shows up on your search results page. Plus, the company entirely removes accounts, posts, and hashtags that violate the Community Guidelines, which prevents them from showing up as a search result.

How to Show up at the Top on Instagram Search

Now, other than explaining the technical details about Instagram’s Search function, Mosseri also provided some tips that will enable your account or posts to show up at the top of the search results page.

Other than this, you should use relevant hashtags, keywords, and locations in your Instagram profile bio as well as your posts to enable you to show up at the top of search results. These tips come from the head of Instagram, so you should include them in your profile to make you easily discoverable.

Future Plans for Instagram Search

So, these are some of the ways using which Instagram’s Search function works. Going forward, the company aims to introduce various new design improvements for search to better its performance and discoverability capabilities. The company says it is moving towards “a full search results page experience that makes it even easier to go deep on your interests.”

Moreover, Instagram will further improve the keyword search function of its search tool and add support for more languages other than English in the future.

This is How Instagram Search Works!

Learn The Different Versions Of Kotlin In Detail

Introduction to Kotlin version

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Version of Kotlin

In July 2011, JetBrains performed some research and explored a new language that blends well with the JVM nicely.

Jetbrains being the initiator, decided and checked some of the features that it had was with an exception in Scala. The exception was that the scale was slow due to the slow compilation; it was not recommended because kotlin needs to compile faster.

In 2012 kotlin came with the next version where it made the entire project open source under Apache 2 license.

Kotlin released its first stable version, 1.0, on February 15 2023, which Jet Brains have committed to having long-term backward compatibility within it.

With the same released, supported by Google I/O 2023 for kotlin on android.

Kotlin released its next version, which is 1.2, which was released on November 28 2023, which has the ability to share code between JVM and JavaScript platform feature that was newly aggregated as part of a release. In fact, an entire Java full-stack demo was made with Kotlin/JS Gradle plugin.

Kotlin 1.3 was released on October 29, 2023, making asynchronous programming more evolved.

Kotlin, with its all major changes, was released in August 2023 with some slight changes for apple’s platform in c or Swift programming language.

These were overview on the broad level now; let’s see some of the versions with their characteristics with each release :

# Kotlin 1.1 Beta 2: This was the first beta release based on the previous discussion on features and extractions. Then kotlin 1.1 released with the candidate stage; in a sense, almost all the development work was done, and on March 1, 2023, it got released with JavaScript support and coroutines, etc., which was a big step to move further.

# Kotlin 1.1.1: This version release was made on March 14 2023, with a focus on address regression and was basically a bug fixing update for 1.1.

#Kotlin 1.0.7: This version of kotlin is the latest update used to update the back portion of the program.

# Kotlin 1.1.2: This version of the kotlin release was made on April 25 2023, which is used for bug fixing and tool update for kotlin to improve the performance.

# Kotlin/Native 0.2: Again, this version was released on May 12 2023, with feature and bug fixing to update the technology review.

# Kotlin/Native 0.3: This version was released on June 22 2023, with some of the new releases for modification and working with some windows related issues.

# Kotlin 1.1.3: This version was released on une 23, 2023, with some of the new tooling updates for kotlin 1.1.

# Kotlin 1.2 M2: This version was released on August 9 2023, which primarily focuses on the stability of the language and internal compilation.

# Kotlin 1.1.4: This version release is related to new bug fixing and tool updates for some of the deprecations.

# Kotlin 1.1.50: Another version was released on September 22 2023, with a bug fix and update for 1.1.

# Kotlin 1.1.60: This is a version released on November 13 2023, a bug fix version for updating the kotlin 1.1 version released earlier.

# Kotlin 1.2: The actual release of version 1.2 was made on November 28 2023, which is used to share platforms for version release.

# Kotlin 1.2.20: This version was released for a new bugfix and tooling update for which had added support for Gradle build cache and improved compilation for android apps.

# kotlin/Native version 0.7: This version of release was made on April 27 2023, which emphasized making the entire language smoother interop, frozen objects, optimizations, and many more features for working.

# Kotlin 1.2.50: This version of the release was made on June 14 2023, for Kotlin update of the previous version of bug fixing.

# Kotlin/Native v0.8: This version of the Kotlin release is a news release that is used for safer concurrent programming extending the other features and enhancing it.

# Kotlin 1.3 M2: This was the release made on August 19 2023, which was a breakthrough release because of the second milestone, which has set up the release of some new features like improves smart-casting and other compile-time analyses, Standard library functions for unsigned types and collections.

# Kotlin 1.3 RC: Next great release with a lot of updated features was made on September 20, 2023, with a lot of critical bug fixing available on previous versions of the release made earlier.

# Kotlin 1.3.70: The last flagged release of Kotlin with this range of release was made on March 3 2023, with all the updates and bug fixing in this kotlin.

# Kotlin 1.4 M1: This release was made on March 23 2023, with key improvisation and new features like enabled the type inference algorithm, contracts are, and evolutionary changes in the standard library.

# Kotlin 1.4.30: This Kotlin is released on February 4 2023, which got released with a new JVM backend and multiplatform language changes.

# Kotlin 1.5.0 M2 released: The last release for Kotlin 1.5.0-M2 was made on March 29, 2023, which ensured smooth migration from all the previous releases made so far with a lot of feature enhancement and improvisation.

Conclusion

Kotlin is a programming language that is nowadays quite a preferable language over android language for front-end development and programming. It is quite an adaptable language because of easy syntax and flexibility for quick compilation with Java in the environment. It has a lot of features that make it quite versatile.

Create Bash Alias That Accepts Parameters

Overview

When working with Bash scripts or Unix/Linux command line tools, we often write the same command lines over and over again. Often, these command lines are long and must be repeated multiple times. For instance, when logging into a remote server daily, copying a local folder to the remote server, or searching for hidden files or directories within a directory.

You can create aliases using the alias command. In this guide, I will show you how to create an alias that accepts parameters on Linux. This is useful if you want to run a single command repeatedly without having to type it out each time.

Creating a Bash alias

Aliases help us to create alternative names for complex Linux commands and shell scripts. To create an Aliais, simply use the following syntax −

For example, if we want to list all the files and folders in our current directory, we could use an alias called l.

alias l="ls -alrt" Creating an alias with Parameters

We sometimes want to create aliases that accept parameters. Since the alias commands don’t accept parameters directly, we’ll have to create a bash function. The syntax of the Bash function is −

} OR }

We define functions by using $1, $2,…$n as variables to identify the arguments passed to the functions. $0 is a special variable which identifies the names of the functions themselves. Here’s an example of a function named mkcd −

~soft $ mkcd() { mkdir -p -- "$1" && cd -P -- "$1"; } ~soft $ pwd /var/home/user/soft ~soft $ mkcd newdir ~newdir $ pwd /var/home/user/soft/newdir

Note − A bash alias is a way to substitute one text for another within the Bash shell. For example, consider the alias l which was previously described. We’ll use ‘l’ to list files available in a certain directory in our file system.

[~user ]$ l Pictures/ total 308 drwxrwxr-x. 1 user user 42 Jun 4 13:02 old drwxr-xr-x. 1 user user 312 Jun 4 13:02 new -rw-r--r--. 1 user user 154716 Jun 4 13:03 a.png drwxr-xr-x. 1 user user 168 Jun 8 09:43 . -rw-r--r--. 1 user user 156060 Jun 8 09:43 b.png

If you want to see what files are currently open, use ls −alrt instead of l. Since we’re passing the file path directly after the alias, we don’t require any functions here.

Removing an alias

You can remove an existing definition for a shell variable by using the unset command. The syntax of the alias command is pretty simple −

For example, if we want to remove the ‘l’ alias from our current bash session, we could use the following command: unalias l

We’ll use the reset command to delete the defined Bash functions from the current Bash session (if any). The syntax of the UNSET command is also quite simple −

For example, we can remove the ‘mkcd’ function from the current Bash session by typing −

unset mkcd Creating a Permanent alias

If you create an alias using the command line, it will only work within the current bash session. We want to make the alias available for use throughout all our bash sessions, so we’ll add it to either ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bashrc.

We’ll add an alias for the command in the ~/.bashrc configuration files −

# Aliases # Long format list alias l="ls -alrt"

Keep the alias names short and easy to remember! We recommend adding notes to each one so they’re easier to refer back to later.

Conclusion

We learned about the alias (or short for “alias”) commands, including why and when to use them. We’ve seen the syntax for defining an alias in the Bash Shell and identified some situations where we might want to use bash function to define them. We discussed how to permanently create a new alias and how to delete it from the current bash session.

Postgresql In, Not In With Examples

What is PostgreSQL In ?

The IN operator is used in a WHERE clause that allows checking whether a value is present in a list of other values. In Operation helps to reduce the need for multiple OR conditions in SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statements.

In this PostgreSQL Tutorial, you will learn the following:

Syntax

The IN operator takes the following syntax:

value IN (value_1, value_2, ...)

The value is the value that you are checking for in the list.

The value_1, value_2… are the list values.

If the value is found in the list, the operator will return a true.

The list can be a set of numbers of strings or even the output result of a SELECT statement as shown below:

value IN (SELECT value FROM table-name);

The statement placed inside the parenthesis is known as a subquery.

With Character

Let us demonstrate how you can use the IN operator with character values.

Consider the following table:

Employees:

Let us run the following query against the above table:

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE name IN ('James John', 'Mercy Bush', 'Kate Joel');

It return the following:

We have a list of three names. We are searching for whether we can find any of these names in the name column of the Employees table. The Kate Joel was matched to one of the table’s records, and its details were returned.

With Numeric

Now, let us see how we can use the IN operator with numeric values.

Consider the Price table given below:

Price:

We can run the following query against the table:

SELECT * FROM Price WHERE price IN (200, 308, 250, 550);

This returns the following:

We have created a list with 4 numeric values. We are checking whether we can match any of these values with the values contained in the price column of the Price table. Two values were matched, and their details were returned.

Using NOT operator

The IN operator can be used together with the NOT operator. It returns the values that are not found in the specified column. We will use the Price table to demonstrate this.

SELECT * FROM Price WHERE price NOT IN (200, 400, 190, 230);

This will return the following:

We have created a list with 4 numerical values. We are checking the price column of the Price table for values that are not part of the list. Two values, 250 and 300, were not found. Hence their details have been returned.

Using pgAdmin

Now let’s see how the actions can be performed using pgAdmin.

With Character

To accomplish the same through pgAdmin, do this:

Step 1) Login to your pgAdmin account.

Step 2)

Step 3) Type the query in the query editor:

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE name IN ('James John', 'Mercy Bush', 'Kate Joel');

It should return the following:

With Numeric

To accomplish the same through pgAdmin, do this:

Step 1) Login to your pgAdmin account.

Step 2)

Step 3) Type the query in the query editor:

SELECT * FROM Price WHERE price IN (200, 308, 250, 550);

It should return the following:

Using NOT operator

To accomplish the same through pgAdmin, do this:

Step 1) Login to your pgAdmin account.

Step 2)

Step 3) Type the query in the query editor:

SELECT * FROM Price WHERE price NOT IN (200, 400, 190, 230);

It should return the following:

Summary:

The IN operator is used with the WHERE operator. It allows checking whether a particular value is present in a specific table.

The IN operator helps in reducing the need for multiple OR operators in SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statements.

When creating a character list to check for the presence of a value, each value in the list should be enclosed within single quotes.

The IN operator can also be used with numeric values.

When the IN operator is used together with the NOT operator, it returns all values that are not found in the specified column.

Download the Database used in this Tutorial

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