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Introduction to MySQL REPLACE

The MySQL REPLACE function is one of the string functions used to replace all existences of a substring within the main string to result in a new substring.

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The MySQL REPLACE function includes three parameters. The first parameter represents the main string where the replacement will occur. The other two parameters specify the substring to be replaced within the first string and the new substring for replacement.

This task in MySQL makes a case-sensitive function implementation while the string replacement process.

Hence, MySQL allows us to replace an old string with the new one in a column of the database table to perform any handy search and replace the needed one with the existing record value.

Syntax

The MySQL REPLACE function is used with the following syntax:

REPLACE(Original_String, Substring1, Subtring2)

Original_String: This term denotes the main string in which the new one replaces the old string.

Substring1: This is the required occurrence of the substring to be replaced present in the original string.

Substring2: This is the required substring with the help of which a new substring can be replaced from the old one.

How does the REPLACE function work in MySQL?

First, Let us check a simple example to learn the implementation of REPLACEfunction in MySQL. The query is written as follows, where the original string is “VBN” and the substring “B” within “VBN” will be replaced by the new string “X”:

SELECT REPLACE("VBN HJB", "B", "X");

Result:

As per the above query, the valid expression is specified to replace the old string with the new one in the main string. The function executes to replace all the occurrences of the second argument in a specified string using the desired new one.

Thus, Using the REPLACE function in MySQL, we can effectively handle spelling mistakes in columns and perform searches for words that may not be accurate or valid. We can update the records by replacing specific characters with appropriate ones to obtain the desired results.

In this way, for a column value replacement, let us take the statement as follows:

UPDATE Person SET Person_Address = REPLACE(Person_Address,'Jaiput','Jaipur');

This above helps to find all the occurrences of a spelling error in the column of the address of the table person and updates it with the correct one. For the function, the first parameter defines the specified column name without quotes, and the other two denote the substrings, which are responsible for replacing each other to produce a new string.

We should know that if we apply quotes with the field column in the function like ‘Person_Address’, then. As a result, the values of that column will be updated by this ‘Person_Address’. This will cause a sudden data loss of that column in the table.

Note that MySQL REPLACE function will make logical sense only if there exists a Primary Key or a Unique key in the table database so that the function can determine a new row without going through duplicity to make a replacement using indexes of the table; otherwise, it will be corresponding to an INSERT statement.

Also, learn that this function does not upkeep regular expression. If we want to substitute any text string using a specific pattern, we need to use a user-defined MySQL function, i.e., UDF from an external library.

Examples of MySQL REPLACE

We will execute the below queries, which show various ways to use this MySQL REPLACE string function in a database table:

Let us take a basic example of using MySQL REPLACE function:

Code:

Output:

2. Correcting invalid String characters within a word

We are replacing the word ‘Learnint’, correcting a spelling error with the ‘g’ substring, and removing it.

Code:

SELECT REPLACE("Learnint","t", "g");

Output:

3. Replace the substring containing numbers

Let us suppose the below query to replace a specific number string:

Code:

SELECT REPLACE("477", "7", "9");

Output:

4. Replace string using the Column name of a table and SELECT Statement

Considering a sample table named Books, we will use the MySQL REPLACE function in the query to show the string exchange of column values having the substring within it.

Code:

select * from Books;

For example, the query is executed as below to display the result:

Code:

SELECT BookID,BookName,Language, REPLACE(Language, 'English', 'Eng') AS 'Replaced Language' FROM books;

Output:

5. Replace string Example With SELECT & WHERE statement

We are now using the MySQL REPLACE function for a column of the Books table using a SELECT statement and will interchange the book name column string having a substring within the value to a new substring applied to the search. Table Books:

Code:

select * from Books;

The query is below:

Code:

SELECT BOOKID, BOOKNAME, REPLACE(BOOKNAME,'Science','Sci') FROM Books2 WHERE BOOKNAME = 'Nuclear Science';

Output:

6. MySQL REPLACE function with the UPDATE statement

Code:

UPDATE TableName SET ColumnName = REPLACE(ColumnName, Substring1, Substring2) WHERE CondExpr;//condExprs: Conditional expression

For example, taking the sample table Person, we perform the below query:

Code:

UPDATE Books2 SET BOOKNAME = REPLACE(BOOKNAME,'Networking','Computer Network'); select * from Books2;

Output:

Code:

update Books set PRICE = '2000' where BOOKID = 107; select * from Books;

Output:

7. Case Sensitive Error

If we execute the below query in MySQL, then the result will be as follows:

Code:

SELECT REPLACE('APPLE', 'e', 'g');

Output:

In this way, The MySQL REPLACE function supports a case-sensitive search for a string that needs to be replaced, resulting in a new value. So, we must specify valid string expressions on which we want to perform the search and replacement. If not, the result will be the same as the original one.

Conclusion

This article taught us about the MySQL REPLACE function and how to exchange an old string with a new one.

Thus, the MySQL REPLACE function helps to substitute text in a table column for tasks such as interchanging the obsolete link, fixing any spelling error in the database records, etc.

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How To Use Siri Shortcuts To Replace Ios App Icons

Apple’s Shortcuts app continues to impress with a seemingly endless array of capabilities. Want to set a reminder to brush your teeth or get directions to your next event? Shortcuts, the … shortcut.

One of the most popular apps, Shortcuts is a quick and easy way to fine-tune your home screen. As Apple has long been against personalized customization on your smartphone, this workaround is the answer.

Basically, this shortcut creates a new button for your favorite app, say Facebook, and swaps out the traditional icon with something else of your choosing. You can swap it out with any other icon from the app store or upload your own icon. This might look complicated, but once you knock out the first two icons, it’s hard to stop until every app looks different.

Getting Started

The most important step to get started is to install the Shortcuts app on your device. That’s easily done by opening this Shortcuts link from your iPhone. Easy so far, right? Now, in the Shortcuts app, tap the shortcut, and you’ll see a menu pop up like the one pictured below.

Let’s go on to the second option, “Launch App URL scheme,” by selecting it.

URL Scheme Add a Command Title

After adding the scheme, the Shortcuts app will ask you to enter a “command title.” Again, this is just a really technical way of asking what you’d like to call the new app. You can call it Twitter, or you can call it “The Good Place,” “Jack’s Creation” or “My Favorite App.” Whatever you want to call it, type it now.

The Hunt for Icons

We’re past most of the technical stuff and moving into the fun part. The next popup you’ll see in the app wants you to search the app store for any icon you want to use. You can search the iOS App Store or the Mac App Store. In your case, let’s search for “Twitter” and hit Done. You’ll see a list of most of the Twitter apps currently available on the App Store. The Twitterrific app icon looks nice, so let’s select that one. From here you can move on to the next step or go back and start over to find a different icon.

Add to Home Screen

This step is pretty straightforward thanks to Apple adding the instructions right on the screen. Tap the “Share” button, then hit ”Add to Home Screen,” and Safari takes care of the rest. Go back to your home screen, and you’ll see the new icon, and it’s beautiful.

There’s a small caveat to this whole process. As the app requires the use of the Shortcuts app to create the custom icon, tapping on the icon opens the Shortcuts app before opening the app you want. In other words, once you hit your icon, there’s a two to three-second delay before Twitter will open. It’s a small price to pay for the ability to customize your home screen, even if it’s not officially supported by Apple.

Wait, There’s More

The aforementioned instructions are excellent if you just want to open the Twitter app. What if you want to open the app directly to compose a new tweet? That’s as easy as repeating all the instructions, except this time your “scheme” URL will be “twitter://new.” That’s just glancing the surface of what the Shortcuts app can do overall. Take a look at 9 of the Best Siri Shortcuts for iOS Power Users.

David Joz

David is a freelance tech writer with over 15 years of experience in the tech industry. He loves all things Nintendo.

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Use Cases Of Mysql Timestamp Function

Introduction to MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF()

Mysql timestampdiff() is a one of the types of DATE function which is used to calculate the subtraction or the difference of two dates which might be of the same type or different.

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Mathematically, It can also be written as below expression:

Timestampdiff = difference(datetime expression1-datetime expression2)

Where Both the datetime expression can be of different datatypes. One expression might be of datetime, and the second expression might be of date type, or both may consist of the same time, like date or datetime.

It is not always compulsory that both the datetime expression be of the same unit type. One might be a date, and another might be a datetime. The DATE type is mainly computed as a datetime with a default time written as’00:00:00′.

Syntax of MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF() Function

Below is the syntax of the mysql timestampdiff() function:

TIMESTAMPDIFF (unit type, datetime expression1, datetime expression2);

Unit type, datetime expressions, and datetime chúng tôi returns an integer as a result.

The TIMESTAMPDIFF function returns the output as first datetime expression1- second datetime expression2; here, datetime expression1 and datetime expression2 are Dates or Datetime expressions.

The unit argument defines the unit of the outcome of (datetime expression1-datetime expression2), which is represented as an integer

Below are the units of timestampdiff():

Microsecond

Second

Minute

Hour

Day

Week

Month

Quarter and

Year

The smallest unit that we can calculate timestampdiff function is SECOND, and the largest is YEAR.

MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF Function with Examples

MySQL timestampdiff function with examples is given below:

1. Days

Below is the example that returns a difference of two date values, 2023-03-01 and 2023-03-10, in days:

Query:

select timestampdiff(day,'2023-03-01', '2023-03-10') AS result;

Output:

Here, AS means Alias, which means it will give a name result to the column, showing the calculated result of the query.

2. Months

Below is the example that returns a difference of two date values, 2023-03-01 and 2023-10-1, in months:

Query:

select timestampdiff(month, '2023-03-01', '2023-10-1') AS result;

Output:

3. Minutes

Below is the example that returns a difference of two DATETIME values in minutes:

Query:

select timestampdiff(minute, '2023-01-03 10:10:00', '2023-01-03 10:30:00') AS result;

Output:

Note: TIMESTAMPDIFF reflects only the time part.

Query:

select timestampdiff(minute, '2023-05-18 10:00:00', '2023-05-18 7:45:41') AS result;

Since we have passed the minute as the unit argument, the query’s result calculates only the minute and returns 45 as output. But the actual output should be 45 minutes and 41 seconds. If we want the output to be in second, we must pass second in the unit argument.

Query:

select timestampdiff(second, '2023-05-18 10:00:00', '2023-05-18 7:45:41') AS result;

Output:

45 minutes 59 second = 45 x 60 + 41 (seconds) = 2741 seconds

4. Microseconds

Below is the example that returns a difference of two DATETIME values in microseconds:

Query:

select timsetampdiff(microsecond, '2023-02-01 10:30:27.00000', '2023-02-01 10:30:27.123456') AS result;

Output: 

Use Cases of MySQL Timestamp Function with Examples

Use cases of the mysql timestamp function are given below:

How to Calculate the Age of A Child with Timestampdiff() Function?

Firstly, Let’s create a table with the name child for illustration:

create table child( Roll_no. INT auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,name varchar(100) NOT NULL, dob DATE NOT NULL);

After creating a table, it’s time to insert some records.

Insert into child(name,dob) values(('aman', '1990-01-01'),( 'rahul', '1989-06-06'),( 'ashish', '1985-03-02'),( 'divya', '1992-05-05'),( 'kunal', '1995-12-01'));

We can know to calculate the age of each child in the child table:

select Roll_no, name, dob, timestamp(year,dob, '2023-01-01') age from child;

In the above query, we have calculated the child’s age as of 2023-01-01. Also, if we want to calculate each child’s present age, we can use the now() function as a third argument of the timestampdiff function.

select id, name, dob, timestamp(year,dob,NOW()) age from child;

Negative Output of The Query:

If the first datetime argument is greater than the second date-time argument, the query output will be a negative number.

select timestampdiff(day, '2023-04-22', '2023-04-4') AS result;

Output:

In the below example, we have taken the two different types of arguments

select timestampdiff(minute, '2023-12-31', '2023-03-22 23:15:59') AS result;

Output:

Calculate the Working Hours of Each Employee in the Second

For this, first, we will create a table named EmployeeEntry:

create table EmployeeEntry( ClockInTime datetime, ClockOutTime datetime, Info INT(11) AS (ABS(TIMESTAMPDIFF(second,ClockInTime,ClockOutTime))) )ENGINE=MyISAM;

We will now insert some records in the table EmployeeEntry:

insert into EmployeeEntry (ClockInTime, ClockOutTime) values('2023-07-22 9:30:00','2023-07-22 06:34:56'); insert into EmployeeEntry (ClockInTime, ClockOutTime) values('2023-12-11 10:00:00','2023-12-11 07:30:16');

To fetch all the records of the table, we will use a select statement

select * from EmployeeEntry;

Output:

Conclusion

In this article, we have learned about MySQL’s TIMESTAMPDIFF function, how to use it to solve our daily problems, and its different use cases. We can utilize other units in the timestampdiff function depending on our requirements. Two real-life scenarios where this function can be helpful to are when we need to calculate a person’s age or figure out an employee’s working hours.

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How To Dump Mysql Server With Examples?

Introduction to MySQL Dump

In case the system’s database is corrupted, crashed, or lost, we should be able to restore the data in the database. For this reason, MySQL provides us with a facility to dump the database using mysqldump utility. You can use this utility only if you have access to your database, you have been assigned the select privilege on the tables of that database, and the database is currently running. The utility creates a logical backup and generates a flat file containing SQL statements. Later on, you can execute these SQL statements to restore the database to the same state it was in when the backup file was created. This utility supports both single and multiple database backups. Additionally, the mysqldump utility has the capability to export the data in XML, CSV, or any other delimited text format.

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We must dump our database frequently to have the updated backup of the database available to us. Whenever the backup is restored the database will be back to the state when that dump file was being created using mysqldump.

Pre-requisites

There are certain privileges on the tables, views, triggers, and transactions that we should have to use the mysqldump utility. It depends on the content that we are backing up. If we are backing up the database that contains tables then you should have select privilege, for views it is necessary to have SHOW VIEW privilege, for triggers TRIGGER privilege and if we use –the single-transaction option while dumping the database then the LOCK TABLES privilege should be there with us.

Similarly, while reloading or restoring the dumped data, we must possess the privilege such as CREATE, INSERT, and ALTER privileges that might be present in your dumped flat file that will be executed. The ALTER statements may be present in the dumped file sometimes when stored programs are dumped for encoded character preservations. To execute this ALTER command and modify the database collation, the user must have the ALTER privilege assigned to them.

Syntax of MySQL Dump

Dumping one or more of the selected tables:

Dumping one or more of the selected databases:

Dumping Complete MySql Server

Syntax of dumping complete mysql server are:

Many options we can use to specify the behavior or values of some of the objects like -u for the username using which we will login -p to mention the password and other options related to defining the behavior of dumping. There are many different types of options that can be specified. We categorize them into the following types: –

Connection Options

Option-File Options

DDL Options

Debug Options

Help Options

Internationalization Options

Replication Options

Format Options

Filtering Options

Performance Options

Transactional Options

To see a complete list of the options that are available and can be used, we can execute the following command –

mysqldump -u root p –help

that gives the following output displaying all the options and usage of the same:

as the list is too big, you can export it tho the file and then open the file to view the options and search for options that can be used in your context and use case. You can export the output to a file by executing the following command:

Output:

And the temp file when opened on an editor looks like the following:

Examples of MySQL Dump

Let us consider one example, we will firstly query on my database server to display all databases –

show databases;

Output:

Now, we will use educba database and check the tables present in it.

use educba; show tables;

Let us now see all the records present in the developers table.

select * from developers;

Output:

Now, let us export the educba database using the mysqldump command –

Output:

Note that we will have to exit from the MySQL command shell and then execute the above command. After, a file named chúng tôi file will be created on the same path. After opening the file, we will see that it contains all the commands of SQL that will recreate the educba database in case if we restore this file to a certain database. Here’s how that file will look like:

This is the dumped flat-file that was created after performing a dump of the ‘educba’ database. The file consists of commands to create the database, create a table, and insert queries to populate the table with records.

Restoring the Database

Let us now drop the database educba using the following command –

DROP DATABASE educba;

Output:

And now confirm the available databases by using the command –

show databases;

Output:

We can see that the educba database does not exist in our database server of MySQL. Now, we will restore the educba database from the backup file chúng tôi that we created by dumping the educba database previously.

You can restore the database using the following command:

sudo mysql -u root -p < backupOfEducba.sql

Output:

Let us check the contents of the backup_educba database

show database; use educba; MySQL select * from developers;

Output:

Upon restoration, it becomes evident that the database named ‘educba’ is reestablished, and it encompasses identical content as that of the ‘developer’ table, including all the records within.

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How Formatter Works In Mysql

Introduction to MySQL Formatter

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How Formatter Works in MySQL?

MySQL Formatter is an impressive and freely accessible tool for formatting MySQL code. It performs automatic refactoring of query code and provides various other functionalities and services to simplify tasks.

This formatter or organizer tool is essential to make the query follow all the critical standard rules and syntax code to build up an error-free and valid MySQL program.

Using the MySQL Formatter, a user can update the case of the MySQL keywords and identifiers used in the MySQL queries to either upper or lower case or keep it as they are.

It minimizes a programmer’s time typing the query in the editor tools providing an auto-completion option.

MySQL GUI tool offers intelligent service with MySQL prompt option to customize and organize the syntax highlighting as well as check and other abilities to permit you to write and check MySQL query codes more excellently and naturally.

The code completion has many features essential for MySQL formattings, such as list members, phrase completion, word completion, parameter data for stored functions, and fast info about schematic objects. So that you need to type fewer and more code can be written.

Code snippets are available to help save time in the suggestion list, along with keywords and table names, which are based on the symbol typed by you.

MySQL formatter is an effort to keep your code clear and clean like with CRUD generator; you can produce code scripts for any operations INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE.

Also, a user can get an error-free code and correct options to write valid code before execution. With the Automatic syntax check feature, while writing the code, if found any errors then, it will be highlighted there.

A user can get access to navigate the definitions of schematic objects or variables.

Once you complete the formatting process, you have the option to download the file or share the link. This simplifies, optimizes, and facilitates your MySQL code.

Rules for MySQL Formatter

Let us see some guidance to allow MySQL naming agreements with capitalization while conducting MySQL Formatting on any tool. Many formatting options help to accomplish capitalization steadiness.

The following rules describe how to achieve clean formatting of queries and ensure valid code:

1. Naming Rules for Database Identifier

Developers use identifiers to designate object names in a database, and they create these identifiers when defining a database object correctly. Suppose the succeeding MySQL statement will create a database table with the identifier as TableA and a table column with the identifier as ColumnKey.

Code:

CREATE TABLE TableA (ColumnKey INT PRIMARY KEY) 2. Capitalization Rules for Database Identifiers 3. Naming Rules for Variables

The variable names should start with the symbol @ along with the universal naming standards. But we should not apply @@ symbols to prefix a variable. Because this can hamper the performance as this prefix to a variable is implemented as a SQL Server system global variable.

4. Capitalization Rules for Variables 5. Capitalization Rules for Keywords Example of MySQL Formatter

Others Like: Code Beautify SQL Formatter, SQL Format, chúng tôi Instant SQL Formatter, etc.

Another Formatter tool for MySQL can be dbForge Studio for MySQL which has an auto code completion feature and many other capabilities to enhance the beautifying of the queries written in MySQL. It offers code snippets, code profiles, CRUD generators, syntax checkers, and schema objects to facilitate the implementation and execution of structured, clean, and error-free code for the desired operation in the MySQL server.

Conclusion

When we write any MySQL query, it must be properly valid without avoiding the rules and syntaxes so that different MySQL formatters can provide a sensible and correct statement. This process requires the MySQL formatting technique to produce well-defined and structured queries for the developers or programmers.

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How Does Mysql Average Work? (Examples)

Introduction to MySQL Average

To find the average of a field in various records, we use MySQL Average. We can find the average of the records of a column by using the “Group by” clause.MySQL AVG() function is an aggregate function that allows you to calculate the average value of column values. To calculate the average of the distinct values from a column, we can use the “DISTINCT” operator. AVG function will ignore “NULL” values.

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AVG function can be used in the subqueries. It can be used along with the control flow functions like IF, IFNULL, NULLIF, and CASE.

Syntax:

Here above is the syntax of the Average function. The average function returns the data of the INT datatype.

How Does MySQL Average Work?

Now let us create a table, perform the average function on the column, and retrieve the data.

Query:

create table Freelancer_data ( Freelancer_id INT, Freelancer_Name VARCHAR(20), Type_of_work VARCHAR(30), No_of_submission INT, No_of_pages_submitted INT, EMAIL varchar(30) ); 1. Insert data Into the Table

Query:

2. Select the Data from the Table select * from freelancer_data;

Output:

3. Now let us find the average Pages Submitted by the Freelancer

Query:

select AVG(No_of_pages_submitted) as "Average papers submitted" from freelancer_data;

Output:

Now let us find the average pages submitted by the freelancer based on the Type_of_work using the “GROUP BY” clause:

Query:

select AVG(No_of_pages_submitted) as "Average papers submitted", Type_of_work from freelancer_data group by 2;

Output:

or

Query:

select AVG(No_of_pages_submitted) as "Average papers submitted", Type_of_work from freelancer_data group by Type_of_work;

Output:

4. Using AVG() With “HAVING” Clause

To set conditions for the output of the average values, we use the “HAVING” clause.

Query:

select AVG(No_of_pages_submitted) as "Average papers submitted", Type_of_work from freelancer_data group by 2

or

Query:

select AVG(No_of_pages_submitted) as "Average papers submitted", Type_of_work from freelancer_data group by Type_of_work

Output:

5. Using AVG() with sub-query

In the sub-query, we find the average based on “type_of_work”. The outer query gets the average for the output of the inner query.

Query:

SELECT AVG(AVG_PAGES) as "average pages"/* Outer query*/ FROM (select AVG(NO_OF_PAGES_SUBMITTED) AS "AVG_PAGES" /* -- inner query --*/ from freelancer_data GROUP BY TYPE_OF_WORK) AVG;

Output:

6. Using AVG() with Control functions

Let us find the average of the pages submitted if the “no_of_submission” is 3. Else, consider it as “null”. As AVG ignores the NULL values, the below output is average for only the submission count is =3.

SELECT AVG(IF(No_of_submission= 3, No_of_pages_submitted, NULL))/No_of_submission 'Avg pages' FROM freelancer_data;

Output:

Example to Implement MySQL Average

Now let us consider other simple examples below:

Query:

create table sample_AVG ( ID INT, NAME VARCHAR(30), DEPT_NO INT, SALARY FLOAT(10,2) ); 1. Insert data Into the Table

Query:

insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (1278,'Jack', 2, 90000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (2278,'Will', 2, 80000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (3278,'Rose', 3, 78000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (4278,'Ben', 3, 45000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (5278,'Stuart', 3, 67000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (6278,'Rample', 4, 57000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (7278,'Jackern', 4, 47000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (8278,'fred', 4, 68000); insert into SAMPLE_AVG values (9278,'Gram', 4,86000);

Query:

select * from SAMPLE_AVG;

Output:

2. Now let us find the average of salary from the Table

Query:

select AVG(salary) as "Average salary" from sample_avg;

Output:

3. Now let us find the average SALARY based on the DEPT_NO using the “GROUP BY” Clause

Query:

select AVG(salary) as "Average salary", Dept_no from sample_avg group by 2; /* - - Position of the column - -*/

Output:

or

Query:

select AVG(salary) as "Average salary", Dept_no from sample_avg group by dept_no;

4. Using AVG() With “HAVING” Clause

To set conditions for the output of the average values, we use the “HAVING” clause.

Query:

select AVG(salary) as "Average salary", Dept_no from sample_avg group by 2

or

Output:

Query:

select AVG(salary) as "Average salary", Dept_no from sample_avg group by dept_no

Output:

5. Using AVG() with sub-query

In the sub-query, we find the average based on “dept_no”. The outer query gets the average for the output of the inner query.

Query:

SELECT AVG(AVG_SAL) as "average salary" FROM (select AVG(salary) as "Avg_sal", Dept_no from sample_avg group by 2 )AVG;

Output:

6. Using AVG() with Control Functions

Here let us find the SALARY average if the “DEPT_NO” is in 3, 4 else, consider it “null”. As AVG ignores the NULL values, the below output is average for only the submission count is 3 and 4.

Query:

SELECT AVG(IF(DEPT_NO IN (3,4), SALARY, NULL))/COUNT(DEPT_NO) 'AVGSALARY' FROM SAMPLE_AVG;

Output: 

Conclusion

To find the average of a field in various records, we use MySQL Average. We can find the average of the records of a column by using the “Group by” clause.

MySQL AVG() function is an aggregate function that allows you to calculate the average value of column values.

To calculate the average of the distinct values from a column, we can use the “DISTINCT” operator. AVG function will ignore “NULL” values.

AVG function can be used in the subqueries. It can be used along with the control flow functions like IF, IFNULL, NULLIF, and CASE.

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