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Linda G. Hayes
I was rendered speechless when a fellow professional said, in all seriousness, she was going to discard the majority of her regression tests because they had failed to find errors. After I recovered my composure–and my voice–I asked why she was considering such a thing, to which she confidently replied, Well, so-and-so says tests that don’t find problems aren’t worthwhile.
As it happens, the crazy claim turns out to be based on the earliest and most commonly quoted definition of software testing. Published in Glenford Myers’ 1977 book, The Art of Software Testing, the definition states: The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product.
Based on this found meaning, I can see where my colleague and her informant got the idea that tests that find no errors have no value. I can also see why software testers might rival dentists for having the top depression and suicide rates in all professions.
Proving a Negative
Simply finding errors is an unacceptable purpose for software testing. The approach requires software testers to prove a negative–there are no more errors to find. To demonstrate this, they must know how many errors there are to begin with and where the errors are. If we knew that, we would not need to test; we would just need to fix the errors.
Furthermore, if you don’t know how many errors exist, how do you know when you will be finished testing? How can you measure your tests’ effectiveness? Does this mean as you contribute to the overall improvement of the software development process, your effectiveness as a tester declines as well?
Proving the Pointless
Ironically, the true meaning of the term regression testing is to look for software functionality that used to work but no longer does, i.e., the software has regressed. But, based on Myers’ definition, there is no point in running a test that has found no errors, so once a software function works it is immune from further testing. Yet, the functionality that no longer works following a regression test poses the greatest risk, since it is still in use. The new functionality that doesn’t work may be irritating, but it is probably not devastating.
Proving Progress
To give credit where credit is due, more recent authors have improved upon the no errors-no value testing definition. In Software Test Automation, written by Mark Fewster and Dorothy Graham in 1999, the purpose of software testing is to give increased confidence in those areas of the product that work and to document issues with those areas of the product that do not work. Notice this terminology introduces the value of establishing what does work as well as what doesn’t.
Similarly, the most recent glossary of standards from the British Computer Society Specialist Interest Group in Software Testing (BCS SIGIST) defines testing as the process of exercising software to verify that it satisfies specified requirements and to detect errors. Ah, now we’re getting somewhere. The concept of requirements–you know, the reason we developed the software in the first place–is finally becoming part of the definition.
I wonder how significant it is that Mr. Fewster and Ms. Graham both hail from the United Kingdom, as, of course, does the British Computer Society. Perhaps we can persuade them to colonize the software testing industry here in the United States?
While it may seem academic to obsess about how software testing is defined, the impact is highly practical. Well-meaning experts–who espouse definitions that lead testers to discard tests that work–are setting the testers (and their companies) up for failure. If software isn’t proven to do the basics, who cares whether it fails to do the obscure?
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How To Get Google Meet Attendance Report
In the cut-throat world of video-conferencing applications, Google has chosen Google Meet as its champion. The application, which is now available on all platforms, isn’t quite as robust as Zoom or Microsoft Teams, but it’s gradually picking up the pace for its rapidly expanding userbase.
Thanks to Google’s humongous ecosystem and user-friendly demeanor, a significant section of the work-from-home crowd has chosen Google Meet as its go-to video-conferencing application. This phenomenon has naturally led to large meetings, which has made it almost impossible to keeping track of meeting attendees manually.
Thankfully, Google took note of the problem and released the automatic attendance feature for most Google Meet users. Today, we’ll take a look at the newly launched attendance tracking and tell you how you could get the most out of it.
Related: How to Make Google Meet: Start, Invite and Admit People to Meeting
Is attendance tracking enabled for all?
Google Meet’s attendance tracking was first officially introduced for Enterprise for Education users in September. After its grand unveiling and success, Google has decided to roll out the perk for most of its other account types. We’re using the word “most” strongly because not every Google Meet user or account type is getting the feature.
Currently, Google Meet’s attendance tracking is available for Business Plus, Essentials, Enterprise Essentials, Enterprise Standard, and Enterprise Plus users. The new attendance tracking isn’t available for G Suite Basic, Business, Education, Nonprofits, Workspace Business Starter, and Business Standard users.
The Enterprise for Education users can use attendance tracking but the Standard Education license won’t have this feature.
Related: How to see everyone on Google Meet on PC and Phone
What does a typical attendance report contain?
As you may have guessed already, every eligible meeting in Google Meet gets an attendance report after it is concluded. It’s not excruciatingly detailed — for better or worse — but delivers all the basics you could ask for.
First off, you’ll get the names and email IDs of all the attendees. You’ll also have the duration of the time they were actually on the call, including the enter and exit times. If an attendee leaves and re-joins a bunch of times, only their total duration would be counted. Finally, when an attendee is kicked out, the timestamp will show it as the moment they left the call.
Related: How to mute yourself, teacher, and host on Google Meet
How to enable attention tracking and get the attendance report?
Now that you have a fair idea about its availability and what’s included in a report, let’s see how to get a nice attendance report at the end of your meetings.
Enterprise for Education users
As mentioned, the feature was first rolled out to Enterprise for Education users, in September. These users do not have to move an extra muscle to get the attendance report delivered straight to their inbox.
Whenever a meeting organizer — one who hosts the meeting — concludes a meeting, they get the detailed attendance report delivered straight to their email ID. The feature is enabled by default.
Other Google Meet users
If you don’t have an Enterprise for Education license, you’ll need to work a little more to get the job done. Google has kept the attendance report option turned off by default, but there are a couple of ways to get it up and running again.
Related: How to unmute on Google Meet
In-meeting controls
Now, go to ‘Settings’ and hit ‘Host controls.’ Finally, hit the toggle next to ‘Attendance tracking’ to turn it on.
That’s it! After your meeting concludes, you — the meeting organizer — will get a detailed attendance report in your inbox.
Through Google Calendar
If you wish to configure attendance tracking before a meeting starts, you could turn to Google Calendar for help.
First, go to the Google Calendar homepage and select the meeting you want to edit. Now, go to ‘Edit event’ and select ‘Change conference settings.’ Then, check the box right next to ‘Attendance tracking.’ Finally, hit ‘Save.’
Similarly, you could cook in the attendance tracking feature while creating a new meeting event. After going to the Google Calendar website, you’ll need to select ‘Add Google Meet video conferencing’ and select the ‘Change conference settings’ option on the right.
Then, check the box next to ‘Attendance tracking’ and hit ‘Save.’ Recheck other meeting options and set it up.
That’s it! The meeting report will be delivered straight to your inbox.
Related: Zoom vs Google Meet: All you need to know
Attendance tracking for other Google Meet users
If you don’t have an eligible Google Meet plan, you’ll not have the privilege of using the official Google Meet attendance tracking. However, that doesn’t mean you should not have the privilege of keeping track of your students/colleagues in a meeting.
Since Google Meet is a web browser-based application, you can practically use any number of extensions on it. Chromium-based browsers, such as Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge, have the most excellent collection of extensions for Google Meet — including the one in focus: attendance tracking. Using these free extensions, you can keep track of the ins and outs in real-time and, of course, download the summary at the end of it.
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Database Testing Using Selenium: How To Connect?
Database Connection in Selenium
Selenium Webdriver is limited to Testing your applications using Browser. To use Selenium Webdriver for Database Verification you need to use the JDBC (“Java Database Connectivity”).
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a SQL level API that allows you to execute SQL statements. It is responsible for the connectivity between the Java Programming language and a wide range of databases. The JDBC API provides the following classes and interfaces
Driver Manager
Driver
Connection
Statement
ResultSet
SQLException
How to Connect Database in SeleniumIn order to test your Database using Selenium, you need to observe the following 3 steps
Step 1) Make a connection to the Database
In order to make a connection to the database the syntax is
DriverManager.getConnection(URL, "userid", "password" )
Here,
Userid is the username configured in the database
Password of the configured user
And the code to create connection looks like
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,username,password);You also need to load the JDBC Driver using the code
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Step 2) Send Queries to the DatabaseOnce connection is made, you need to execute queries.
You can use the Statement Object to send queries.
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();Once the statement object is created use the executeQuery method to execute the SQL queries
stmt.executeQuery(select * from employee;); Step 3) Process the resultsResults from the executed query are stored in the ResultSet Object.
Example of Database Testing with SeleniumStep 1) Install MySQL Server and MySQL Workbench
Check out the complete guide to Mysql & Mysql Workbench here
While installing MySQL Server, please note the database
Username
Password
Port Number
It will be required in further steps.
Step 2) In MySQL WorkBench, connect to your MySQL Server
In the next screen,
Select Local Instance of MySQL
Enter Port Number
Enter Username
Enter Password
Step 3) To Create Database,
Enter Name of Schema/Database
Step 4) In the navigator menu,
Enter Table name as employee
Enter Fields as Name and Age
Step 5) We will create following data
Name Age
Top 25
Nick 36
Bill 47
To create data into the Table
In navigator, select the employee table
Enter Name and Age
Repeat the process until all data is created
Step 6) Download the MySQL JDBC connector here
Step 7) Add the downloaded Jar to your Project
Select the libraries
You can see MySQL connector java in your library
Step 8) Copy the following code into the editor
Package htmldriver; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.Statement; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.SQLException; public class SQLConnector { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException { String dbUrl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3036/emp"; String username = "root"; String password = "guru99"; String query = "select * from employee;"; Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,username,password); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs= stmt.executeQuery(query); while (rs.next()){ String myName = rs.getString(1); String myAge = rs.getString(2); System. out.println(myName+" "+myAge); } con.close(); } }Step 8) Execute the code, and check the output
Selenium Database Testing SummaryStep 1) Make a connection to the Database using method.
DriverManager.getConnection(URL, "userid", "password")Step 2) Create Query to the Database using the Statement Object.
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();Step 3) Send the query to database using execute query and store the results in the ResultSet object.
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(select * from employee;);We will create following data
Align Your Digital Marketing Partnerships To Achieve Growth Objectives
When it’s time for execution, brand marketers and agencies need to be on the same page about what defines success. Here are three ways they can ensure precision control and usage of the right data to accomplish brand goals.
Brands and their agencies often have healthy disagreements about strategy. As a brand marketer, you might not always enjoy debates, but hopefully, you’ve seen that they can make your marketing so much more focused and compelling. That has certainly been my experience.
But when you shift from planning to execution, everyone needs to get on the same page about what success looks like. It seems like a no-brainer, but it’s much harder than you think because there are more people making decisions on your behalf than ever before.
If you mapped your team’s organizational structure, how would it line up next to your digital supply chain? On the agency level, it’s probably parallel. Brand CMOs have their counterparts in agency leadership, brand VPs connect to agency EVPs, brand managers work with senior account executives, and so on. This alignment allows for frequent communication and relationship development.
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Now think below the agency level. How many additional parties do you work with? There are trade desks, demand-side platforms, and too many publishers to count. All of these partners have their own organizational structures.
Don’t let your data go to waste
In August, Digital Element released the results of a survey of 100 digital marketers. More than half of the marketers questioned said they were concerned with “digital exhaust” — the data trail users leave while browsing the internet. While 30% said they did not know the percentage of data they discarded, 15% said they throw away half of the data.
If they were able to use 25% of that discarded data, 60% of the marketers said it would lead directly to increased sales.
You could argue that it is your digital media agency’s job to manage all of these companies and people to ensure flawless execution. I’d agree. But I’d also say that the agency really needs the brand team’s help in one crucial area: data insights that tell everyone what’s working and what’s not. Armed with these insights, anyone in the org chart can make decisions that benefit your brand.
A lack of high-quality, actionable data prevents agencies and publishers from making the best possible decisions for their clients. Customer data is often kept confidential, so these organizations rely on proxy data to determine what drives intended consumer behaviors. But misleading or incomplete metrics often inform this data and using it to make in-flight optimization decisions can be the difference between driving incremental sales and spinning your wheels.
3 steps to achieve brand goals
There’s no need for your digital supply chain partners to depend on vanity metrics or proxies for your performance. Instead, here are three suggestions to ensure precision control and usage of the right data to accomplish brand goals.
1. Recognize that bringing programmatic in-house is not a cure-all
Although only 20% of brands have pulled programmatic in-house — Nordstrom and Dick’s Sporting Goods among them — it certainly is a popular point of discussion in the marketing trade press. The opportunity to save money is one of the attractions. Gartner suggests that brands can eliminate 15% to 30% of fees paid out to agencies and key players.
But bringing buying in-house does not solve the misalignment challenges. You will still likely need to use six to 10 demand-side platforms to achieve a broad reach of your campaigns among your target customers. With each DSP comes its own methodology for measurement and optimization. Big publishers will have their own as well.
2. Make sure the optimization metrics used by your digital partners align with your own objectives
3. Look at the real data that’s been used in optimization
The devil is in the details. Are the sample sizes big enough to measure statistical differences? Is the data sourced from first, second, or third parties? Do the results capture the omnichannel nature of your business? This is just a starter list when reviewing data, so dive deep.
Remember that you indirectly pay for all the people in your digital supply chain. If they are well-intentioned but misinformed, you could be paying for activity that has no impact or even a negative impact on your revenue.
Aligning organizational charts, auditing data usage, and overseeing statistics are probably not among the top reasons you got into marketing, but you can be sure that if you don’t manage them, no one else will. Don’t let executional details keep you from achieving your objectives.
Objectives And Process Of Amalgamation With Types
What is Amalgamation?
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ExplanationTypically, amalgamation occurs when two or more companies are engaged in the same line of business decisions to combine their business existence. Most entities decide to amalgamate to expand their range of services or to diversify their activities. This happens between a stronger transferee company and a weaker transferor company, in which the more worthless company is absorbed, the more substantial company resulting in the formation of an entirely different entity. As it involves the merger of two or more, it results in the formation of a new entity that is larger with a much more robust and more significant customer base.
Objectives of AmalgamationSome of the main objectives are mentioned below:
Companies sometimes amalgamate to avail of various benefits under the corporate tax regime.
There are instances where companies enter into amalgamation with close competitors to eliminate competition in the market. However, in some cases, it creates a monopoly in the market, which is not a desirable outcome.
It offers opportunities for future growth and development – both financial and capital.
Inherently, it provides synergy benefits, meaning that the companies enjoy benefits from combining operations.
Amalgamation ProcessThe process can be broken into the following five steps:
The board of directors of the combining entities finalizes the detailed terms and conditions of the amalgamation agreement.
Preparation of the scheme of amalgamation, which is then submitted to the respective High Court for approval.
Obtain the consent of the shareholders of the combining companies, which is submitted to SEBI for approval.
Form a new company and issue its shares to the shareholders of the transferor company.
Liquidate the weaker transferor company and transfer all the assets and liabilities to the stronger transferee company.
Examples of AmalgamationSome of the significant examples have been discussed below:
Arcelor S.A.: In 2002, French steel maker Usinor, Spanish steel maker Aceralia, and Arbed of Luxembourg amalgamated to form the new company named Arcelor.
Maruti Suzuki India Limited: In 2002, India’s Maruti Udyog Limited amalgamated with Suzuki Motor Corporation based in Japan to form the new entity – Maruti Suzuki.
Tata AIG General Insurance Company Limited: In 2001, Tata Group and the American International Group, Inc. (AIG) amalgamated to form the new Tata AIG General entity.
Types of AmalgamationThere are two major types, and they are as follows:
Pooling of Interests Method: In this accounting method, the transferor entity’s assets and liabilities are transferred to the books of the transferee entity at their current carrying value.
Purchase Method: In this amalgamation method, the transferee entity records the assets and liabilities of the transferor entity either at their current carrying value or based on their fair value on the date of amalgamation.
Who is Involved in Amalgamation?The process of amalgamation typically involves the following:
Investment bankers build various financial models to evaluate and determine the value of the potential transaction.
Lawyers work with bankers and their corporate clients to select the best legal structure for the transaction.
Accountants to support the bankers in the evaluation of the transaction value.
Amalgamation vs MergerSome of the significant differences between amalgamation and merger are as follows:
In amalgamation, companies combine to form an entirely new entity. In contrast, in a merger, companies combine, either in the formation of a new company or the existence of one of the combined companies is retained.
The process in most cases consists of three companies, while a merger in most cases involves only two companies.
Companies of comparable sizes usually get involved in an amalgamation process. In contrast, the size of companies involved in mergers varies significantly as an entity acts as the absorbing company that absorbs the relatively more minor company.
The asset and liabilities of the combining companies are transferred to the newly formed entity. In contrast, in the case of a merger, the assets and liabilities of the relatively minor entity are consolidated into the absorbing entity.
Advantages
It helps eliminate competition between companies operating in the same industry.
Transfer of technical know-how among companies enhances R&D capabilities.
The companies result in a reduction in operating costs.
Lower competition results in the stability of prices of goods.
Amalgamation among substantial players in the industry might result in a monopoly market, which eliminates healthy competition.
It might result in the reduction of employees.
Deterioration of capital structure due to the additional debt of one of the entities.
Loss of goodwill and identity of the existing companies.
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Google Meet Vs. Zoom Vs. Skype: Is Google Meet Any Good?
Google’s long history of messaging and chat apps has taken yet another turn this month with the newly named Google Meet. Better known as Google Hangouts Meet, this service incorporates the best of Hangouts into a more business-friendly package. Let’s take a look at how Google Meet compares to Zoom and Skype.
Using Google MeetThe most important thing to note with Google Meet is that anyone can now use it. Google recently removed its stipulation that only Google Suite users could initiate a video call. Access to scheduling free video calls is slowly rolling out to Google users. Free accounts will be limited to 60-minute meetings with up to 100 participants beginning in September 2023. Until then, Google is allowing unlimited calls while the COVID-19 pandemic continues. Anyone with a Google account can join and soon schedule a Meet.
Google Meet apps are available on iOS, Android, and the Web, as well as Chromebooks. To start a Meet, you must “join or start a meeting” at chúng tôi If you have a meeting ID, you can enter it right at that web address and immediately join. Google account holders can set up a meeting on the same page.
How Much Does Google Meet CostAt this time, Google’s free version of Meet remains limited. To gain full functionality with Meet, you or your organization has to subscribe to one of three Google Suite tiers. Google’s “Basic” plan costs $6 a month per user with no minimum number of users. There is also a “Business” plan ($12) and “Enterprise” plan ($25), all of which include access to Google Meet.
How Does Meet Pricing Compare?Skype only charges when you wish to call a mobile device or landline. It offers unlimited minutes to any landline or mobile phone for $2.99 a month. Otherwise, video/message/text chats are all free.
Zoom offers four sets of plans including a free Tier. The free tier allows up to 100 participants, though video calls are limited to just 40 minutes. Zoom’s additional price points of $14.99 and $19.99 per month are good for one host each.
Google Meet’s new free plan enables 100 users to video chat for up to 60 minutes, which is slightly better than Zoom. Google’s paid plans also become more attractive when you factor in the additional Google Drive storage and other GSuite features.
Meet Versus ZoomUltimately, Zoom takes less effort to join overall. It allows up to 500 users on a call at a single time with up to 49 displayed at once. Meet allows up to 250 participants on a single video conference but only 16 users can be displayed. That’s a major leg up for Zoom. Meet also feels less intuitive to use with a semi-messy dashboard, while Zoom feels cleaner and more polished. Both applications allow you to share images, files and documents through the chat box during any meeting.
Features and usability-wise, Zoom likely takes the prize as the better of the two video conferencing applications.
Meet Versus SkypeLike Zoom, Skype also fights Google Meet head on thanks to its excellent free account option. While the best features of Zoom and Google Meet require paid accounts, Skype offers up the majority of its services with zero payment. That’s far different from Meet which requires you to subscribe to its “Basic” service for anything beyond video calls.
Both services allow you to share videos, documents, images and participate in group chats. Like Meet, Skype is also available across Windows, iOS, Android and Mac. Skype only enables support for up to 50 people at a time on a call while Meet adds support for up to 250. You can share your screen on both services. Meet does offer closed captioning as part of its services, something Skype does not support.
Meet and Skype easily integrate with Outlook for added functionality. Both services allow video calls to be recorded and accessed for up to 30 days. Even with a higher price tag, this race is pretty close. That you can access just about every Skype feature for free gives it a significant leg up. However, the low cost of Google Meet comes with so many extras that it’s hard to ignore. In the end, unless you have a large built-in group of friends or colleagues already on Skype, Google Meet is worth a look.
Even as competitors like Zoom and Skype offer plenty of value, Google Meet remains a giant in the space. While there are some minor differences between the three video conferencing tools, all of them are very competent tools and have no issues meeting your needs. Regardless of which video conference tool you are using, make sure you follow these tips when you are video conferencing at home.
David Joz
David is a freelance tech writer with over 15 years of experience in the tech industry. He loves all things Nintendo.
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