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Introduction to Selenium User-Agent

The selenium user agent is to be executed script method in the selenium automation with step by step instructions it must be supplied with the return navigator and the user agent parameter is to be executed the script function for to get the user agent details also the selenium has the straight forward with a direct way for getting or changing the user agent there is no way for to read the user request or response headers while we connect it on the user browsers with specified instructions the connection may through the proxy that records the user information.

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What is selenium user agent? How to change the User-Agent using Selenium?

For Selenium web driver, we can alter the user Agent. The user agent header contains a unique string that contains information about the network protocol, as well as information about the operating system, software version, program, and so on. Selenium has the ability to obtain or change the user agent. The JavaScript Executor is used to do this. The execute script method in Selenium is used to run JavaScript instructions. We must supply the return navigator.useragent parameter to that method to get the user Agent information. The ChromeOptions class will be used to modify the user Agent. Then we can able to create the newly generated object it uses the add argument function. We will pass the user-agent and param as the parameters. Setting the variable “general.useragent.override” in your Firefox profile is the most common technique to modify the user agent. It’s worth noting that this isn’t dependant on Selenium. We can use a different profile than the default profile for calculating the user data with the help of the user agent. Selenium does not offer any ways for querying the user agent from a WebDriver object. Even in Firefox, you can’t figure out what the default user agent would be if general.useragent.override wasn’t set to a custom value. Because before it is set to a value, this setting does not exist in duplicate. And also once the browser is open then we can acquire the user agent.

How to setup selenium user agent?

Generally the Set variable “general.useragent.override” in Firefox profile and use this profile when creating Firefox WebDriver instance to modify the user agent. Selenium web driver can be used to obtain information about the user agent. The JavaScript Executor is used to do this. The execute script method in Selenium is used to run JavaScript instructions. We must pass the return navigator to obtain the user Agent information. Until we will delete, Firefox to continue utilizing the user agent that we have specified to do so, you can use the “about: config” window to look for the general. useragent.override preference. If it’s still available in the browser as a plugin and the extension, it’ll show what we have modified it to. If it doesn’t show, Firefox is probably no longer overriding the user agent. Then we can double-check the user agent that Firefox is delivering. Is it possible that the setting has already been reset for another time usage?

Go to Mozilla Firefox browser and navigate to the More tools option,

Choose “Extensions for developers” option in the choice,

It shows the following page and enters the user agent in the search text box,

By selecting the Add to Firefox button the plugin is to install,

The tool is installed successfully and it shows above.

Changing User Agent for Firefox:

Basically, any piece of software that allows end-users to interact with web content is referred to as a web application. A user agent (UA) is considered as a string it is a piece of text that can be sent by the client software it receives a response to a request. The user agent string informs that the target server about the browser, device type, and operating system being used. The string datatype, for example, that informs the server request that can be running on the Chrome browser and Windows 10 Operating System on the environment. Then the server can then adapt the answer response based on the device, operating system, and browser.

Also first we need to open a new tab then browse to the about config option,

It shows the above screenshot check the Warning box that shows to accept the preferences for attempting the access. After Accept Risk and Continue and button it shows the below UI,

Which is the default settings on Mozilla firefox please be careful when we change the values of the list of preferences. Because it will affect the firefox browser performance issue. If we want to create a new preference item like below

In the above screenshot, I just type randomly browser. test it does not have the default setting so if I choose + symbol it will accept and create the new one and before that, we should be assigned the datatype,

If we want to change the value by using the edit option we can modify the values and using the delete option we can remove the preference.

Conclusion – Selenium User-Agent

In user agent is the important one and it is the way for interacting with the web servers to determine how we are accessing the browsers that can be used on the performance. Generally, it acts as String, boolean, Number are the types to create the user preference type.

How To Change User Agents In Chrome, Edge, Safari & Firefox

Whether you are an SEO, marketer, or web developer, often you might need to change your browser’s user-agent to test different things.

For example, you’re running a MAC-OS-specific campaign. To find out if your campaign is running properly and not targeting Linux users, changing the user-agent of your browser can help you test.

For web developers, changing user-agents is almost a daily task in order to test how websites behave in different browsers and devices.

What Is a User-Agent?

A user-agent is an HTTP request header string identifying browsers, applications, or operating systems that connect to the server.

Not only browsers have user-agents, but also bots, crawlers such as search engines Googlebot, Google AdSense, etc.

Here we are going to learn how to change the user-agent of your browser.

The process is called user-agent spoofing.

Yes, when a browser or any client sends a different user-agent HTTP header from what they are and fake it that is called spoofing.

While the term may be alarming, this is not a dangerous activity and will not cause any problems for you. (So feel free to spoof your user-agent as much as you want. 🙂)

How to Change Your User-Agent on Chrome & Edge

Since Microsoft Edge is now using Chromium, the settings for both Chrome and Edge are the same.

Alternatively, you can use CTR+Shift+I on Windows, Cmd + Opt +J on Mac.

3. Uncheck Select Automatically Checkbox

4. Choose One Among the Built-In User-Agents List

If the user-agent you want doesn’t exist, you can enter any string you want on the field below the list.

For example, you can enter the following (Googlebot’s user-agent) into the custom field.

This may be useful for SEO professionals to identify if there is a cloaking on the website when the webpage shows different content to Googlebot and another to website visitors.

Alternatively, you can use the Chrome extension User-Agent Switcher and Manager.

That said, I try not to use browser extensions when the browser can actually do the action I want. This is to avoid overloading the browser with tons of add-ons.

Also, extensions have a habit to break websites unexpectedly sometimes.

While you might think the website you visited has an issue, the root cause can be one of the add-ons you’re using.

How to Change User-Agent on Safari 1. Go to Preferences

2. Enable Develop Menu Bar

Go to Advanced and check Show Develop menu in menu bar.

You can again select from a predefined list or enter custom user-agent string by choosing “Other…”

How to Change User-Agent in Firefox

In Firefox, it is possible to change user-agents via the browser’s built-in settings.

However, it is not as user-friendly as on Chrome or Safari.

It is a real pain to use the browser’s built-in feature.

Instead, we will use a Firefox add-on called User-Agent Switcher.

After installing the add-on, you will see an icon in the upper right corner.

Another extension you can use is User-Agent Switcher and Manager.

Conclusion

The user-agents are easy to spoof and anyone can use these easy tricks to alter it.

This feature is useful for testing web apps against various devices especially when one has different HTML for mobile or tablet devices.

One doesn’t need to have many physical devices to be able to test.

This feature is useful for SEO professionals, for example, to identify issues with cloaking which is against Google’s Webmaster Guidelines or auditing websites which has different look depending on the device.

More Resources:

Image Credits

All screenshots taken by author, May 2023

How To Create A User Journey Map

Your ultimate guide to creating a user journey map with step-by-step instructions, a template, and an example to follow

Creating a user journey map has many benefits for both your users and your team. A journey map will help you discover friction points for the user and opportunities to improve user experience. Ultimately, you’ll discover opportunities to increase engagement and build customer loyalty.

The process of creating a user journey map will help foster team alignment, clarify priorities and surface opportunities for increased revenue or saved customer service costs. Creating a journey map means that you’re prioritizing user experience as a means to create long-term value.

Download our Customer persona guide and template

Understand your primary customers and start creating more consumer-centric web experiences with our customer personas guide and template.

Access the Customer persona guide and template

Template to use

Don’t be intimidated by the thought of jumping straight into creating your user journey map. Starting with a blank page is the hardest part, so I’ve provided an example to help get you started.

Your journey map is divided into three important elements: the user profile, user actions with thoughts and feelings that accompany those actions, and opportunities.

The user profile includes any information you have about your user, but the most important thing to include is their main objective and expectations.

Below the user profile at the top of your journey map, you should include the phases the user goes through. For example, in my map the phases are Search, Read, and Choose. After you’ve outlined your phases, the rows on the left side will be labeled, Actions, Thoughts, Emotions, and Opportunities.

You can certainly adapt this template to your needs. My example is meant to focus on user friction points and experience. It’s also meant to be created by non-designers. In other words, anyone can create this user journey map and it’s okay for it to be text-heavy. Visual elements can sometimes detract from or muddy the meaning, so it’s often easiest to start with everything written out.

Download our Customer persona guide and template

Understand your primary customers and start creating more consumer-centric web experiences with our customer personas guide and template.

Access the Customer persona guide and template

User profile

If this is your first time writing a user profile, it will be full of best-guesses and that’s okay. Try to identify the main triggers or reasons that bring people to your user path. They might be looking to have a question answered or they may want to compare products. Whatever the case may be, you should agree on one primary user profile.

The hardest part is narrowing your audience. You may have stakeholders who insist your audience is everyone, but the purpose of defining a primary user isn’t to exclude people. You need to pinpoint your most important audience so you can make sure everything in the path caters to them. That doesn’t mean you can’t have other things on the page that cater to other users, but it does mean everything on the page should be useful to your primary audience.

The best way to limit the parameters of your user profile is to ask yourself, “Does everyone in this group have the same objective coming to this page?” With my example user journey, you can see everyone has the same objective: they’re a small business owner who wants a mobile credit card reader. It doesn’t include other audiences or decision-makers. It doesn’t include other reasons people may visit the page. It’s limited to one specific objective.

Journey phases

Below the user profile, you’ll identify the user journey phases. You’ll want to align with coworkers on how you’re deciding which experience to map. You can choose a user journey that’s limited to one channel or device or choose a path that’s across multiple channels and devices.

You can zoom in or out to make a very simple or very complicated map according to your needs. You can choose a map that you know can make an immediate impact on revenue or prioritize a map that you know will be easy to tackle for your first run because you have a lot of internal information on the user objective and path.

If this is your first time creating a user journey map, I’d recommend sticking to one channel and one or two devices. For example, you might create a journey map for a user navigating to a page on your website and showing their interactions, as in my example. That way you can become comfortable with the process of creating a map and cultivate understanding from your team.

If you already feel comfortable with user journey mapping, you’ve done it before, and you have buy-in from other people on your team, you may want to create a more complicated journey map, showing how a user interacts with your brand across channels and devices.

Download our Customer persona guide and template

Understand your primary customers and start creating more consumer-centric web experiences with our customer personas guide and template.

Access the Customer persona guide and template

How to approach

Once you’ve defined your template, user profile, and journey phases, you’re ready to dig in and create your map. You can approach this in two different ways. You can structure a workshop with your cross-functional team and create the map together, or you can dive into user research and create the map once you have more data to back-up the assertions of your map.

If this is your first user journey map, I’d recommend diving in headfirst. Put a workshop on the calendar with your team, have everyone go through the user path and have everyone take notes on their thoughts and emotions throughout the process. Then discuss commonalities between everyone and opportunities surfaced from this experience. You’ll all need to acknowledge that this is the first stab at a journey map, so it’s going to be full of best-guesses and biases, but that’s okay. You’ll have a document to test against and a baseline to start from.

If you’ve already created user journey maps before and you have the buy-in of your team, it might make sense to dive into user research before creating another map. You can conduct user research through surveys or interviews with users or observing and identifying real experience from users. Then you’ll create a user journey map that should pretty closely resemble reality. The reason I don’t recommend doing this for your first user journey map is that it’s time-consuming.

If you’re already trying to prove the value of your user journey map and obtain buy-in from coworkers, it takes way more time to produce a journey map this way and it can feel a little more forceful or directional coming from you without as much input from your team. For new UX practitioners, I’d recommend getting a journey map done ASAP so your team can understand the value, and go back and validate or invalidate with research.

Creating the map

When you’re ready to fill out your map, you’ll note the actions the user takes throughout the process, along with thoughts and emotions from your users and opportunities for your business. In the thoughts section, you can include direct quotes from your user research or from your team experiencing the user journey. You can include expectations, questions, or impressions from users.

In the emotions section, you’ll include feelings from the user. Sometimes users will tell you how they’re feeling during the journey, but more often than not, you’ll be extrapolating from known data or making assumptions – and that’s okay. Try to keep the emotions specific and concise. It should be easy to scan this section to surface friction points.

The opportunities section should be filled out last – after you’ve filled out all the other sections of your user journey map. That’s because everything above this section should focus solely on the user without any mention of your business or team. In the opportunities section, you switch the focus to what actions your team can take to improve the user experience.

Download our Customer persona guide and template

Understand your primary customers and start creating more consumer-centric web experiences with our customer personas guide and template.

Access the Customer persona guide and template

Tools to use

Designing your user journey map can be intimidating, especially if you’re not a designer. However, the purpose of a journey map is to surface opportunities – not win design awards. You can see from my example that even someone with limited design skills can create an impactful, helpful journey map.

There are several free tools you can use to create your map. I created mine using Canva, which offers a free option with built-in templates for user journey maps that are easily customizable. I’ve had colleagues use Google Docs or even PowerPoint if you’re more comfortable with those tools. The creative director I work with prefers UXPressia, which was created for the sole purpose of being able to easily create journey maps, but note that they only offer one free map as a trial, and after that, you must pay for the tool.

However you decide to create your map, remember that the design isn’t as important as the content. If you’re a fabulous designer, that’s wonderful! But if you’re less than comfortable with design, don’t let that hinder your confidence in creating a journey map.

Final thoughts

Creating a customer journey map can be one of the most helpful and eye-opening experiences for your team. It requires time, planning, and patience, but you’re sure to surface “ah-ha” moments. Through the process, your team members will better understand how each of them can influence user experience, and you’ll have allies in your corner to champion the needs of users.

How To Change The Name Of Your Airpods

Update, February 3, 2023: We added information regarding how to remove the your Apple ID from the AirPods.

Original article: April 19, 2023: When you buy a new set of AirPods, Apple tries to do you a solid and generate a name for them. Unfortunately, the name isn’t always helpful, especially if you have more than one pair. It’s easy enough to change the name to something you like better, and it can add a nice personal touch. Here’s how to change the name of your AirPods.

How To Change The Taskbar Size In Windows 11

After months of leaks and rumours, Microsoft finally announced Windows 11 earlier this year in June. Windows 11 has got some impressive improvements in a new Start Menu, Microsoft Teams integration, new Microsoft Store with support for Android apps. But the most significant change for me in Windows 11 is the taskbar. Microsoft has moved the taskbar to the centre.

When I first saw the taskbar, I liked it as it looked much more modern. By default, the size of the taskbar is medium. But it is possible to change the size of taskbar icons in Windows 11 to Small or Large. Looking to change the taskbar size in Windows 11, keep reading this article. Below is a sneak peek of how Taskbar will look after changing the size to small or large.

Large Taskbar in Windows 11

Small Taskbar size in Windows 11

Change Size of Taskbar in Windows 11

Microsoft has not given any option in the settings app to change the Taskbar size in Windows 11, but we will use a simple trick. It will involve the Registry Editor app. Follow the below steps correctly, and you will easily be able to change Taskbar size from small or large as per your preference.

Step 1: Type Windows + S keyboard shortcut to open Search Menu on your PC. Alternatively, tap on the magnifying glass icon next to the Start Button to open Search.

Step 3: In the Registry Editor app, you will see various folders in the left sidebar. Among those folders, navigate to the below folder.

HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionExplorerAdvanced

Note: You can easily navigate to this folder by copying it and pasting it into the address bar of the registry editor.

Step 5: Enter the name of the Key as TaskbarSi

Step 7: Once done, tap on OK to save the changes. Finally, Restart your computer to take these changes into effect.

When you restart your Windows 11 PC, you will see the Taskbar icons size as specified by you. If you want to go back to the default taskbar size, delete the TaskbarSi key or edit the value data to 1.

FAQs

Can you make taskbar smaller Windows 11?

Yes, you can. However, Microsoft has not added a way to make the taskbar smaller or larger in Windows 11. There is an easy trick by which you can change the taskbar size. It requires adding a Key using the registry editor app. I have provided the exact steps needed above in this article.

How do I resize the taskbar icons in Windows 11?

You can resize the taskbar icons in Windows 11 by adding a Key in the registry editor. There is no official way to change the taskbar size, but you can always use the registry hack to change the taskbar icons in Windows 11.

Final Words

Microsoft has completely revamped the taskbar in Windows 11. It is now moved to the center and looks fantastic with a new start button. Making things even more interesting is the ability to change the taskbar size to small or large. There is no official way available, but simple registry editor tricks allow you to resize the taskbar icons in Windows 11. I have provided the necessary steps above in this article. Go ahead follow them, and you will be able to resize the taskbar on your Windows 11 PC.

How To Change Mouse Dpi

Changing your mouse’s DPI is a bit more complicated than it first appears. While Windows offers basic mouse speed adjustments, anything that requires more refinement must include third-party software.

Understanding DPI and its effect on your mouse usage is a significant first step toward adequately utilizing the DPI settings on your mouse.

The most basic way to explain DPI is that it’s a measure of how fast the cursor moves across your screen. If you increase the DPI, it moves more quickly. If you lower the DPI, it moves more slowly.

DPI stands for dots per inch.

Check your mouse DPI at the speed you’re most comfortable with to get a baseline for which DPI feels right for you. Surprisingly, Windows doesn’t include an actual way to check DPI. You can check the pointer speed, though, which is the Windows version of a DPI adjustment. Another option is using a third-party website to see your current DPI.

Unfortunately, that is the only way to check your DPI without third-party software. It also doesn’t give you an accurate DPI measurement. It’s good to know how to do it, though, because it means that you can adjust your mouse sensitivity in Windows.

This is especially important for people using mice that don’t come with their adjustment software.

Everyone can change mouse DPI in Windows, though that isn’t always the best solution.

Since changing and checking the DPI in Windows isn’t very accurate, it’s better to do it in mouse management software if your mouse supports it.

Logitech G Hub can manage multiple mice simultaneously, as well as other Logitech devices. Different DPI settings will be available, depending on the model of your mouse. However, adjusting it should work the same for most Logitech mice. You’ll be able to see any connected mouse as long as the program is working correctly.

Razer Synapse is set up to manage any Razer devices connected to your computer. The devices it’s currently managing will appear on the screen with images of each one.

Razer also offers the choice to adjust the DPI in stages, as long as you toggle the option on. You can choose the number of stages and type your preferred DPI for each.

Corsair’s iCUE software lets you save different DPI profiles if you want to switch between programs. Each DPI stage has an X and Y setting, though the Y setting for vertical movement isn’t always enabled.

You can also assign indicator colors to indicate which DPI setting is active for mice that support the feature.

Adjusting your DPI on a Macbook is a lot like adjusting it on Windows. You don’t set an actual DPI, but instead, change the cursor speed with a slider.

If you want to adjust the actual DPI, you’ll have to do it in your mouse software.

Like macOS and Windows, Chrome OS uses a slider to adjust pointer speed instead of a proper DPI measurement.

You can also enable or disable mouse acceleration – which is pointer precision – in this area by toggling it on or off.

DPI matters because the sensitivity of your mouse affects the performance in a lot of different applications. Raising or lowering your DPI can help improve certain functions that you perform with your mouse, especially in gaming and graphic design. It also feels better for certain people to use a lower or higher DPI for general computing.

Every time you move the mouse an inch, the cursor moves a corresponding amount. That amount is higher with a higher DPI and lower with a lower DPI.

People doing large-scale work in graphic design may want to increase their DPI. Those who use short-burst weapons in games might also benefit from a high DPI since they can move faster.

A lower DPI is best for smaller screens because you won’t shoot past the point you want to land on.

It’s also suitable for precise mousework. For example, if you use a sniper in a game, you want to make sure you can make detailed moves in a small area to line up your target. If you’re doing detail work on graphic design, you might also prefer a lower DPI.

Adjustable DPI is precisely what it sounds like. It’s a mouse with DPI that you can adjust. However, it’s not quite that simple.

You can adjust the DPI of almost all mice on the computer. Windows has a setting that changes it.

Many mice also come with manufacturer software that includes a DPI adjustment. These are often more precise and have places to save your settings so you can go in later and quickly choose a previous DPI that you liked.

Some mice include a DPI switch on the mouse itself. These are often called DPI switching on-the-fly. You can press it quickly to change from one DPI preset to another. People who want multiple DPI settings in-game or who want the ability to adjust without going into software should choose these types of mice.

Not really. The ideal DPI is the DPI that you prefer. It’s purely a matter of personal preference.

People who participate in tasks will always have an idea of what the correct DPI is. A great example of this is professional gamers. Many of the pros have a DPI that they use in their best games. That doesn’t mean it’s ideal, though. That’s evident because each pro has their preferred setting.

Finding the proper DPI is a matter of trial and error. Even after years of working on the computer, doing photo editing, and gaming, I still adjust my DPI from time to time to see whether changing it up offers me some kind of benefit.

You should see whether it takes you longer than you want to reach a place on the screen or if you’re more likely to go past it. Notice whether that habit changes based on the task you’re undertaking too.

Try a DPI of around 500 to start, especially for precise work. Move up or down to see what works best.

Another thing to remember is that many games and programs have built-in DPI adjustment sliders in their settings too. So you are adjusting your speed at many different points and not just in one type of software.

That depends on your preferences. If you’re doing general computing, any mouse should work comfortably. However, if you intend to game or do design work, I recommend finding a mouse that offers at least 1600 DPI. That way, you have a lot of room to make adjustments for any situation.

Some mice come with extremely high DPI. If you purchase a 16000 DPI mouse, the chances are that you’re never going to use it at such a high setting. It will feel like it’s zooming across the screen with the slightest push. It should be fine as long as a mouse has the DPI you need. You can choose the one you want based on other settings.

I prefer to set my mouse at seven on Windows since it doesn’t adjust the DPI by the standard measurement. From there, I make more precise adjustments in Logitech G Hub. That way, I can change the DPI with the correct numbers, save my measurements, and have the proper DPI adjusted for my on-the-fly button.

Point precision is a form of automatic DPI adjustment. When you move your hand more quickly, Windows increases the DPI momentarily to help you move more rapidly across the screen. If you move more slowly, it reduces the DPI.

That depends on your setup. It might suit you if you’re doing general computing or things that don’t require precision. However, if you’re doing precise design work, I recommend turning it off. It’s better to have complete control of the adjustment yourself.

If you’re gaming, you should turn it off. It prevents you from landing on the point you’re aiming at, especially if you have to change your position quickly.

There isn’t a straightforward way to change the DPI on a Razer mouse without Synapse. If you have onboard mouse profiles, you can delete Synapse and just use those after they’re set. However, you’ll have to use the cursor speed adjustment on your computer if you don’t want to use Synapse.

You can drag the cursor in settings to increase and decrease your sensitivity. However, there is no direct DPI adjustment. If your mouse software supports it, you can set a DPI profile on your mouse and save it to the mouse before setting it up to use on the Xbox.

The Razer Basilisk Ultimate Gaming Mouse has a DPI of 20,000, which is higher than any other mouse you can find for sale.

Mice today aren’t like the mice of the past. Older mice have a little ball that rolls around in the center of the base. It makes contact with the surface, and the cursor on the screen mimics the movement of the mouse.

This movement could be hindered by many things, notably dust or dirt. As the trackball got less new and clean, its connection to the surface was less reliable. It would drag, act unpredictably, and offer a less-than-smooth mouse experience, no matter what kind of activity a user engaged in.

Modern mice use light instead of a rubber ball. There are two main kinds of mice to choose from: optical and laser mice. Each one shines a light on the surface. A camera picks up the movement of the light and reports the position to the computer. However, moving the mouse an inch on the pad doesn’t equal an inch on the screen. That’s where DPI comes in.

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