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Introduction to JavaFX 3DThe 3D shapes in JavaFX are geometrical figures that can be represented on the X, Y and Z planes simultaneously. X plane represents length or depth, Y plane represents the height and the Z plane represents width. General 3D shapes are Cube, Cuboid, Cylinder, Cone, Sphere, etc. 3D shapes are included in Shape3D class and all shapes are included in the Shape class (2D and 3D shapes). Shape3D is the base class of all shapes. Shape class is available within the scene. Shape package. We can make use of it by importing this package.
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Create a 3-Dimensional Shape
Create the object for the required 3D shape.
Add all the required properties.
Add the 3D shape object reference to any JavaFX element like Group, VBox, HBox, Pane, etc.
Frequently Used ShapesBelow are the Frequently used shapes and their description
The cuboid is a three-dimensional shape with a length (depth), width, and height.
A cuboid has 3D shapes with length, height, and width. This is available in Box Box class is within javafx.scene.shape package.
2. Cylinder
The cylinder is a closed solid object that has 2 parallel circle bases on top and bottom.
A cylinder has height and radius properties. Each circle has the same radius. A cylinder is available inside Cylinder
This Cylinder class is available within the scene. shape package.
3. Sphere
The Sphere is a circle like structure, which have a set of points that are kept all are in the equal distance with “r” radius.
The sphere exists inside the Sphere
This Sphere class is available within the scene. shape package.
Constructors
Box(): It creates the Box object with a new keyword.
Cylinder(): It creates the Cylinder object with a new keyword.
Sphere(): It creates the Sphere object with a new keyword.
Importance Cull Face PropertyCulling means remove the improperly aligned parts of the 3D or 2D object shapes. By applying this cull property we can make these parts not visible in the shape view area. We can set cull face property by setCullFace(CullFace.Type)
This method consisting of 3 arguments:
NONE: This is the default property. It does not have any cull face.
FRONT: All the front face polygon parts are removed.
BACK: All the back facing polygon parts are removed.
Frequently Used Methods
setRadius(double r): It sets the radius.
setTranslateX(int x): It sets the horizontal location of this view relative to the left position.
setTranslateY(int y): It sets the vertical location of this view relative to the right position.
setTranslateZ(int z): It sets either horizontal or vertical location of this view relative either left to the right position.
setWidth(double w): It sets the width.
setHeight(double h): It sets the height.
setDepth(doubled): It sets the depth.
setMaterial(): It is used to set the rendering of the shape.
How do 3D Shapes work in JavaFX?1. Accessing JavaFX features user-defined class must extend Application. Creating Cuboid or Sphere or Cylinder etc class is 1st This classes can be created by using the new keyword.
Syntax #1
Box cuboidRef=new Box();Or
Sphere sphereRef=new Sphere();Or
Cylinder cylinderRef=new Cylinder();2. Creating a Group element is the 2nd It is used to add the canvas object.
Syntax #2
Group groupRef = new Group(cuboidRef or sphereRef or cylinderRef );3. 3rd step is creating Scene for apply show method on to it.
Syntax #3
Scene screen = new Scene(groupRef, length, width);4. Adding Scene reference screen to the Stage object reference is 4th Adding output screen to Stage. We will get this stage object reference from the start predefined JavaFX method.
stage.setScene(screen);5. 5th step is showing output to the end-user by applying the show () method on the scene object.
Syntax #5
stage.show(); Examples to Implement JavaFX 3DBelow are the examples:
Example #1Sphere with Green background-color
Code:
package com.shapes; import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Camera; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.PerspectiveCamera; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.input.KeyEvent; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; import javafx.scene.shape.Sphere; import javafx.stage.Stage; public class SphereDemo extends Application { @Override public void start(Stage outputStageObject) { outputStageObject.setTitle("Sphere Demo"); Sphere sphereObject = new Sphere(50); Group groupObject = new Group(); groupObject.getChildren().add(sphereObject); Camera perspectiveCamera = new PerspectiveCamera(); Scene sceneObject = new Scene(groupObject, 500, 500); sceneObject.setFill(Color.GREEN); sceneObject.setCamera(perspectiveCamera); sphereObject.translateXProperty().set(500 / 2); sphereObject.translateYProperty().set(500 / 2); switch (eventHandler.getCode()) { case A: sphereObject.translateZProperty().set(sphereObject.getTranslateZ() + 300); break; case B: sphereObject.translateZProperty().set(sphereObject.getTranslateZ() - 300); break; } }); outputStageObject.setScene(sceneObject); outputStageObject.show(); } public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); } }Output:
Example #2User-Defined Triangle
package com.shapes; import javafx.animation.Animation; import javafx.animation.RotateTransition; import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.PerspectiveCamera; import javafx.scene.PointLight; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; import javafx.scene.shape.MeshView; import javafx.scene.shape.TriangleMesh; import javafx.scene.transform.Rotate; import javafx.stage.Stage; import javafx.util.Duration; public class UserDefinedShapes extends Application { public MeshView createMeshView() { float[] allPoints = { 50, 0, 0, 45, 10, 0, 55, 10, 0 }; float[] coordinatesValues = { 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }; int[] faceValues = { 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2 }; TriangleMesh mesh = new TriangleMesh(); mesh.getPoints().addAll(allPoints); mesh.getTexCoords().addAll(coordinatesValues); mesh.getFaces().addAll(faceValues); MeshView meshView = new MeshView(); meshView.setMesh(mesh); return meshView; } @Override public void start(Stage stageOutObject) { stageOutObject.setTitle("Triangle Movable 3D Demo"); MeshView createMeshView = this.createMeshView(); createMeshView.setTranslateX(100); createMeshView.setTranslateY(150); createMeshView.setTranslateZ(500); createMeshView.setScaleX(11.0); createMeshView.setScaleY(11.0); createMeshView.setScaleZ(11.0); PerspectiveCamera cameraPerspective = new PerspectiveCamera(false); cameraPerspective.setTranslateX(100); cameraPerspective.setTranslateY(-150); cameraPerspective.setTranslateZ(500); RotateTransition rotateShape = new RotateTransition(Duration.seconds(3), cameraPerspective); rotateShape.setCycleCount(Animation.INDEFINITE); rotateShape.setFromAngle(-40); rotateShape.setToAngle(40); rotateShape.setAutoReverse(true); rotateShape.setAxis(Rotate.Y_AXIS); rotateShape.play(); PointLight colorLight1 = new PointLight(); colorLight1.setColor(Color.CHARTREUSE); colorLight1.setTranslateX(350); colorLight1.setTranslateY(250); colorLight1.setTranslateZ(500); PointLight colorLight2 = new PointLight(); colorLight2.setColor(Color.GREEN); colorLight2.setTranslateX(300); colorLight2.setTranslateY(250); colorLight2.setTranslateZ(550); Group groupObject = new Group(createMeshView, colorLight1, colorLight2); groupObject.setRotationAxis(Rotate.Y_AXIS); groupObject.setRotate(90); Scene scene = new Scene(groupObject, 450, 400, true); scene.setCamera(cameraPerspective); stageOutObject.setScene(scene); stageOutObject.show(); } public static void main(String[] args) { Application.launch(args); } }Output:
Example #3Cylinder
Code:
package com.shapes; import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.PerspectiveCamera; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; import javafx.scene.shape.Cylinder; import javafx.stage.Stage; public class CylinderDemo extends Application { @Override public void start(Stage outputStageObject) throws Exception { outputStageObject.setTitle("Cylinder 3D Demo"); Cylinder cylinderObject = new Cylinder(); cylinderObject.setRadius(65); cylinderObject.setHeight(200); cylinderObject.setTranslateX(200); cylinderObject.setTranslateY(140); PerspectiveCamera perspectveCamera = new PerspectiveCamera(); perspectveCamera.setTranslateX(10); perspectveCamera.setTranslateY(10); perspectveCamera.setTranslateZ(30); Group groupObject = new Group(); groupObject.getChildren().addAll(cylinderObject); Scene scene = new Scene(groupObject, 400, 300, Color.DARKORCHID); scene.setCamera(perspectveCamera); outputStageObject.setScene(scene); outputStageObject.show(); } public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); } }Output:
ConclusionJavaFX 3D shapes are existed within javafx.scene.Shape class. Cylinder, Cuboid, Sphere, 3d triangle, etc. have come into 3-dimensional shapes. These 3D shapes are used in Space applications, civil engineering applications, aviation applications, etc.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to JavaFX 3D. Here we discuss 3-dimensional shape, constructors, how JavaFX 3D work, and examples to implement for better understanding. You can also go through our other related articles to learn more –
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How Strlen() Function Work In Php With Examples
Introduction to PHP strlen()
A large set of built-in functions make it easier for the coder or the developer to deal with string-related operations in PHP. The strlen() is one of the popular functions we can say of the PHP string to get the length of the string. As its name has been formed by combining two words, str, and len, str refers to the word string, and the length is the length itself. This function will return the length of the given string. This can be used to get the length of the string of any substring whenever required in the program.
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Syntax:
strlen(String)
strlen: It is the function itself.
String: This is the only parameter that takes as a string.
Return Type:
This returns the length of the string, and it will always be an Integer. There is nothing much with the syntax of this function.
How strlen() Function work in PHP?Before moving ahead with the strlen, we must have a strong first upon which this function will be applied. It takes the string as a parameter and returns the length of that given string. We can use the characters, special characters, URL, numeric values, and special sequence characters as part of the given string.
The user of strlen ()
Code:
$string = "WELCOME TO INDIA"; echo "Lenght of the given String is: "; echo strlen($string);The above line of code given the length output as 16 as ‘WELCOME TO INDIA’ contains 16 characters, including the spaces.
Use of strlen() with the special sequence character as a string
We should be careful while passing a string containing special sequence characters like n,t,r, etc. As we can see, we n the 2 characters, but it will be counted as one while we will pass this as a parameter with the strlen() function.
Code:
$string = "rHello"; // a string $length = strlen($string); // lenghtof the stringThe above line of code gives the output as 6 rather than 7. If we replace with any other character, then we will see the length 7 as an output. This could be a bit tricky while coding in php using the string strlen() function.
Examples of PHP strlen()Given below are the examples mentioned :
Example #1Get the length of the given string.
Code:
<?php $string = "WELCOME TO INDIA"; $Length = strlen($string); echo "Length of the given String is: ".$Length;Output:
As we can see, there is not much in using this function due to the simplicity of this string function. We can consider this function as one of the easiest functions of the PHP string in nature, passing the string as a parameter to get the length.
Example #2Get the length of the given string after removing all the spaces from that string.
Code:
<?php $string = "WELCOME TO INDIA"; $lenght = strlen($string); echo "Actual string: ".$string; echo "nLength of the given String including space: ".$lenght; $stringAfterRemovedSpace = str_replace(" ","",$string); echo "nActual String with no spaces: ".$stringAfterRemovedSpace; echo "nLength of the given String excluding space: ".strlen($stringAfterRemovedSpace);Output:
Example #3An example program demonstrates the use of strlen() function with the string containing the special character and the escape character.
Code:
<?php $string = "n WELCOME TO INDIA"; $Length = strlen($string); echo "Length of the given String is: ".$Length;Output:
In the above program, when we count the character, it will come up to 19 in the manual, but it the program output, we can see that the length is showing 18. The length is showing one character lesser just because n is being counted as one.
Example #4Code:
<?php $string = "WELCOME TO INDIA"; $length = strlen($string); echo "Actual String: ".$string; echo "nLength: ".$length; echo "nReverse String: "; { echo $string[$i]; }Output:
In the above example code, we can see that the reversing string in php comes up with various stages, which include the getting length of the string, too, because the length of the given string helps the developer of the coder to loop through the end to the first position of the string.
Example #5Length of the string and length of the reverse string of the same.
Code:
<?php $string = "n WELCOME Home!!!"; $length = strlen($string); echo "Actual String: ".$string; echo "nLength: ".$length; echo "nReverse String: "; $reverseString = ""; { $reverseString .= $string[$i]; } echo $reverseString; echo "nLength of the Reverse String: ".strlen($reverseString);Output:
ConclusionBuilt-in function strlen() can be used to get the length of the string. A developer should be aware enough of the functioning of this function. For example, if n, t, etc. contains in a string, then this 2-character special sequence can be considered as one. This function can be used to get the length of a string to make the further required operations. If we are writing our own custom string reverse code, then we can use this function to calculate the actual length of the string.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to PHP strlen(). Here we discuss the introduction to PHP strlen(), how this function works, and programming examples. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
How Does Printf Function Work In Perl With Examples
Introduction to Perl printf
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Syntax:
The Perl scripts have default keywords, functions and scalar variables that means the variable accepts only the single value. It can be any numbers, letters, characters, digits with operators, but the first character of the variable always must be the letter or symbol; like the underscore operator, it’s not a digit.
$ variable name = value; printf(" ", $variable name); ---some Perl script logics--- How does the printf Function Work in Perl?
The Perl script printf() method prints only the user datas with the specified format specifiers on the screen. Actually, the function prints only the values, which is interpreted using the List datas through via using some format specifiers with the current result as the output. The filehandle concept is used for more space in the printf function, which handles the errors and exceptions by using exception classes and modules but the printf() function that prints the outputs by using some format specifiers. Generally, the printf function used some properties which are related to their fields and attributes.
Like that this function as many of the properties are to be same as the print function in the script. That’s the way it shows the better output format, which has already related to their user inputs. This is more similar to the field specifiers with co-related to their text string format specifiers with some delimiters like comma, semi-colon, underscore etc. Using some Regular Expressions concepts, the user inputs are to be validated and evaluated at the back end codes, showing the output on the user screen.
Examples of Perl printfGiven below are the examples of Perl printf:
Example #1Code:
$var = 1562.45; $strn = ("Welcome To My Domain"); printf("Hi user your input is $%6.3f and converted output is %snn", $var, $strn);Output:
Explanation:
In the above example, we used two variables like $var and $strn, and both the variables are used with some formats like $var variable assigned values are only the float type of numbers so the decimal point of results to be expected once the given variable is executed on the script like that it will be printed on the user screen.
Same time the next variable $strn accepts only the string values like “Welcome to My domain”, so it’s a string format it specifies the user information’s the printf function which has passed the calls to the string and also the field is specified to the variables and then it will insert into the memory locations for separate positions.
Example #2Code:
printf("Welcome To My Domain:n"); printf("'%7d'n", 7); printf("'%7d'n", 596903); printf("'%7d'n", -94758); printf("'%7d'n", -904685); printf("n"); printf("Have a Nice Day:n"); printf("'%-8d'n", 785); printf("'%-8d'n", 1023894785); printf("'%-8d'n", -923487568); printf("'%-8d'n", -1293475); printf("n"); printf("n"); printf("Thanks for your interest in our application:n"); printf("'%09d'n", 3); printf("'%09d'n", 223); printf("'%09d'n", 9234687); printf("'%09d'n", -9238747); printf("'%09d'n", -2390478); printf("'%04d'n", 23); printf("'%04d'n", 'Welcome'); printf("'%04d'n", 'Welcome34'); printf("'%04d'n", -9243747); printf("'%04d'n", -4590478); printf("'%02d'n", 'Tyujk'); printf("'%02d'n", 'udg 4857 sdhfg'); printf("'%02d'n", 9238747); printf("'%03d'n", -93476538747); printf("'%02d'n", -239754478);Output:
Explanation:
In the second example, we have used the same printf function in different ways. We can pass the inputs in numbers that will be the integer, float, decimal, short, long and double; it can be any of the types passing into the function, and it is converted into the required output format.
Some formats will follow the rules and control the fields with some heights, widths, and even other fields like printing left-justified, right-justified and zero-filled numbers stored in the variables for calculating their functions and storages the memory locations. It accepts both positive and negative numbers followed by its signatures and its relevance to their usages.
Example #3 printf("'%4s'n", "Welcome"); printf("'%76s'n", "Welcome"); printf("'%-76s'n", "Welcome"); printf("Welcome To My Domainn"); printf("Have a Nice Dayn"); printf("kjadgvds hasjkgdf ashdjfh jsdhfhj ajsgn"); printf("WelcometTo My Domainn"); printf("jasg hsagdfj skjdfhk skdh shfj sjn"); printf("Welcomen To My Domainn"); printf("kjshdfj kjahksj nkjh 2734 shj2983 3974y kn"); printf("C:UsersKripya-PCDocumentsarticles\n"); printf("hsdfjg jhajs kjaskdj kjaksd jaskn"); printf("weh jkhj kawj kwejk jwlkl lkwqejkwlkqjlkn"); printf("'%.3f'nn", 873.974); printf("87v hk jskj oi3y khk38 i347 bi3748n"); printf("'%.5f'n", 873.975); printf("jdshj38 3784 3748687j he83sk 94n"); printf("'%6.4f'n", 748.28374); printf("u3928 oiwu498y bu4589 io349 b3974n"); printf("'%7.14f'n", 734.837495); printf("3749 yiwe b843 sekk48905 je48n"); printf("'%06.4f'n", 83.8346); printf("2638 hy3w8 j8939475 jbi34y8b wu4985b 3u984y bu498n"); printf("'%-6.3f'nn", 857.98374); printf("26837 hjkwehr234yv hj gu4 s h jkh jkjkh 3987n"); printf("'%-5.25f'n", 8347958.892365);Output:
Explanation:
In the printf() function, we used both numbers and string characters in various format specifiers, and even some comparison operators are used and called with the same reference names. Because the printf function used some operators allowed with string formats and it has generated the reports with formats and even though the formatted holds with the some numbers that can be called through with the help of some conversions.
And these conversions will used some operators like the % sign with the end of the characters even though the same number of characters are assigned through its conversions. Using some exponential notations is required for the printf function.
ConclusionIn conclusion, they must have some built-in methods for printing the outputs on the screen for each programming languages. Likewise, each method has its own attributes and properties for showing its results as much as needed from the user perspective. In Perl, the printf function used some format specifiers for displaying the outputs on the user screen.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Perl printf. Here we discuss the introduction; how does the printf function work in Perl? and examples, respectively. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
How Does C++ Shuffle Work With Examples
Definition of C++ shuffle()
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Syntax:
void shuffle (RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, URNG&& g);
Let us check what each keyword and parameter signify in this function
We call the RandomAccessIterator. The first parameter points to the position of the first element in the range, which will be rearranged.
The second parameter points to the last element in the range, which will be rearranged. For this also, it will be pointing to random access iterator.
The last parameter, g, is a special function object that helps us generate random numbers. It is called a uniform random number generator.
The return value of this function will be none.
How does C++ shuffle Work?Using the C++ shuffle function is easy. Let us check how it works.
Code:
{ for (int i: vec) { std::cout << i << ‘ ‘; } } int main() { std::shuffle(vec.begin(), vec.end()); shuf(vec); return 0; }
We must import the vector library to use the shuffle() function. The user-defined function displays the shuffled vectors. We have created a vector with a few numbers in the main function. The shuffle() function has a beginning and an end which takes the vector elements and shuffles them. Once this is done, we call the function to print the shuffled array. We have not specified the random generation function; hence it will take the default function, which can be used. It will rearrange the elements in the vector. The function will swap the value of each element with any other randomly picked element from the same vector. It works with generators that work like the rand() function. To use this function without a generator, we can use the random_shuffle(). Let us check a few examples to help us understand the function better.
Examples of C++ shuffle()Following are the examples given below:
Example #1using namespace std; int main () { unsigned num = chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count(); shuffle (shuf.begin(), shuf.end(), default_random_engine(num)); cout << “The numbers after shuffling are:”; for (int& x: shuf) cout << ‘ ‘ << x; cout << ‘n’; return 0; }
Output:
Code Explanation: The above code is an example of a shuffle function. We have used the iostream, array, random, and Chrono libraries. Here the Chrono library is used to create a random generator. We have taken an array with a size of 8 integers. Here we have defined this array, and then we are using the random generator function using the Chrono library. We are generating a random number using the epoch() and now() function which is a part of the clock library. It creates a pattern using which the numbers are shuffled. Then we have called the shuffle function, where we define the start and end of the array, and the third parameter is the variable that stores the calculation for random number generation. We then print the randomly shuffled array at the end of the program. Below is the output of the above program.
Example #2Code:
using namespace std; void edu_shuffle(int arr[], int n) { unsigned rnd = 0; shuffle(arr, arr + n, default_random_engine(rnd)); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) cout << arr[i] << " "; cout << endl; } int main() { int arr[] = { 18, 23, 30, 47, 87, 49}; int num = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); edu_shuffle(arr, num); return 0; }Code Explanation: In this program, we have imported a library and created a user-defined function, edu_shuffle. This function first creates an unsigned integer variable that will store the random generation calculation. We then use the shuffle() function, passing the start and end of elements between which the shuffling should occur. In place of random generation, we have used an inbuilt function default_random_engine to create a random number. In the main function, we calculated the end of the elements sent to the edu_shuffle function. We have used the sizeof function. We have sent these as parameters to the user-defined function, which helps execute the shuffle() function. The output of the above function will be as below:
Advantages of C++ shuffle()
The shuffle function helps in generating a random sequence of numbers easily.
This function swaps numbers with internal elements quickly.
If no random generator function is specified, the shuffle() function default will be taken.
It is fast and efficient, which makes it easy to use
The randomness of numbers can be built and used with the C++98/03 standard.
ConclusionThe shuffle() function is an easy way of rearranging the elements of a vector or array. A random generator variable can be used to generate the pattern of random numbers. The library plays a role in defining the “else” pattern by utilizing the default functionality provided by the function. It actively swaps the elements within a given range. This range can be between any elements in the array. This function is similar to the random_shuffle() function. The only difference is shuffle() uses a uniform random number generator.
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How Do Breakpoints Work In Bootstrap?
Definition of Bootstrap Breakpoints
The bootstrap breakpoint is an element used for responsive layout and content interfaces in the web application. It is controlling screen width size and web application elements as per device requirement. It is an element that sets the size and screen view of the web application and makes a mobile responsive application. The website works on most laptops and desktops but it helps to control the height, width, and size of the website as per various types of screen devices.
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It is made of websites depending on small, medium, large, extra-large size screen devices.
Syntax
The bootstrap has mainly four breakpoints which are sm, md, lg, and xl.
The bootstrap has a “mobile-first” responsive framework therefore extra – a small (xs) breakpoint is the default size in the web application.
The bootstrap small (sm) breakpoint which is used for equal and greater than 576px screen size devices.
The small breakpoint uses the media query or –breakpoint – on the web page. The small breakpoint syntax is below.
@media (min-width: 576px) { web application elements } *–sm–*
The bootstrap medium (md) breakpoint is used for equal and greater than 768px screen size devices.
The medium breakpoint uses the media query or –breakpoint – on the web page. The medium breakpoint syntax is below.
@media (min-width: 768px) { web application elements } *–md–*
The bootstrap large (lg) breakpoint which is used for equal and greater than 992px screen size devices.
The large breakpoint uses the media query or –breakpoint – on the web page. The large breakpoint syntax is below.
@media (min-width: 992px) { web application elements } *–lg–*
The bootstrap extra-large (xl) breakpoint which is used for equal and greater than 1200px screen size devices.
The extra-large breakpoint uses the media query or –breakpoint – on the web page. The extra-large breakpoint syntax is below.
@media (min-width: 1200px) { web application elements } *–xl–* How do Breakpoints work in Bootstrap?
Bootstrap is a mobile-first language and used for responsive websites. The below attributes used for the bootstrap responsive application.
The bootstrap supportive files add in the web application page for the bootstrap breakpoint.
The bootstrap breakpoint syntax was added in the body section of the page.
The media queries add in the style tag of the head section in the html page.
@media only screen and (min-width:600px) {.col-sm-2 {background: red ;}} @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .col-md-2 {background: aqua ;} }
Examples of Bootstrap BreakpointsLet us discuss examples of Bootstrap Breakpoints.
Example #1: Using media queriesCode:
@media only screen and (min-width:600px) {.col-2 {background: red;}} @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .col-2 {background: aqua;} } @media only screen and (min-width: 992px) { .col-2 {background: yellow;} } @media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) { .col-2 {background:orange;} } .col-2{ border:1px solid black; }
Output:
The small breakpoint with media query output is below.
The medium breakpoint with media query output is below.
The large breakpoint with media query output is below.
Example #2: Using columnCode:
.col-sm-2{ border:1px solid black; background-color:lightgrey; } .col-md-2{ border:1px solid black; background-color:orange; } .col-lg-2{ border:1px solid black; background-color:yellow; } .col-xl-2{ border:1px solid black; background-color:aqua; }
Output:
The small breakpoint output is below.
The medium breakpoint and large breakpoint output are below.
The extra-large breakpoint output is below.
Example #3: Combination of more than one breakpointCode:
.col-sm-2{ border:1px solid black; background-color: aqua; } .col-lg-2{ border:1px solid black; background-color: yellow; }
Output:
Description
The small breakpoint is useful for mobile and phone devices.
The medium breakpoint is used for tablets and mini laptops.
The large breakpoint is used for desktop and laptop devices.
ConclusionIt makes web applications user-friendly as per the availability of the screen device. It mostly works for mobile, laptop, desktop, and tablet devices.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Bootstrap Breakpoints. Here we discuss the definition, How do Breakpoints work in Bootstrap? and examples with code implementation respectively. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
Examples On How Does Class Work In Perl
Definition of Perl Class
Web development, programming languages, Software testing & others
How to Declare Perl Class?The procedure is as follows.
It is very easy and simple to declare. To declare any class we need to mention package keyword before the class name.
Syntax:
Package class_name;Parameter:
Below is a parameter description of Perl declare syntax.
Package: Package is nothing but a specified namespace within the Perl code or program which contains sub-routines or user-defined variables. The package is very important at the time of declaring the class.
Class name: We can define any class name to the program in Perl. But it is specific to the program which we have implemented.
A package name in perl class is subroutines or a user-defined variable. We can reuse this again in the code.
Package in perl will provide namespace within the program mostly which contains subroutines and variables.
The scope of class or package will end of the file or until we cannot create another package in one file.
Below is the example to declare per class is as follows.
Example:
Package declare_perlClass;
In the above example, we have declared class name as declare_perlClass. This class corresponds to a package name.
Before declaring declare_perlClass class firstly we need to load the package in Perl.
A loaded package is used in throughout the program. The scope of the package is throughout the program or until we define another package.
How does Class Work in Perl?The working is as follows:
It is defined as it is a package that having constructor to create perl object, this object is having any type of variable but mostly it is a reference to array or hash is used.
It is nothing but a concept of data structures. It defines the object of data in perl.
To define we need to build a package first, the package is nothing but sub-routines or user-defined variables.
The object is nothing but an instance of the class.
It is very easy and simple to define, Itl is corresponding to a package of perl in its simplest form.
It is most important and useful in Perl to define Perl’s object.
We have to take the example of class as an employee. We have defining member function and data members using the class as an employee.
There may be an employee with different names and structures but all of them have some common characteristics like emp_id, emp_dept, and emp_name.
Here we have to define an employee as a class with emp_id, emp_dept, and emp_name as data members.
We have also used a bless function.
Syntax bless function:
bless name_of_object, name_of_class;
We can also create an object by using a perl class. We have to create an object based on the class name.
Data member in perl class is nothing but data variables and member function is a function which manipulated the variables.
In the below example, we have to define member variable as emp_id, emp_dept and emp_name.
We can define any class name to the program in perl. But it is specific to the program which we have implemented.
In the above example we have to define class name as employee and data member as emp_id, emp_dept and emp_name.
ExamplesThe examples are as follows:
Example #1 – Using bless function in perl class:
In the below example, we have created perl class using bless function. We have created a class name as an employee.
Member variables of class name is ’emp_id’ and ’emp_salary’.
We have defined a bless function. In bless function, we have to define object name and class name.
We have also define constructor of employee class name as new_emp to define member variables.
Code:
use strict; use warnings; package employee; ## Constructor of employee class. sub new_emp{ #the package name 'employee' is in the default array shift. my $class = shift; #object of a class. my $self = { }; #blessing with object name and class name bless $self, $class; #returning object from constructor return $self; } 1; print "emp_id:- 101n"; print "emp_salary:- 25000n"; Example #2 – creating class and using objects
In the below example we have created perl class using an object. We have created class name as an employee.
Member variables of class name is ‘Employee_FirstName’ and ‘Employee_LastName’.
We have defined a bless function. In bless function, we have to define object name and class name.
We have also define constructor of employee class name as employee_data to define member variables.
Code:
use strict; use warnings; package employee; ## This is the class of employee. sub employee_data ## Constructor of employee class. { # Shift is default array will used in 'employee' class and then assign # it to employee class variables my $class_name = shift; my $self = { }; # using bless function. bless $self, $class_name; # returning object from constructor of employee_data. return $self; } # Object creating name as employee from employee_data and calling a constructor. my $Data = employee_data employee("Emp_FirstName:- ABC", "Emp_LastName:- PQR"); # printing the dataOutput:
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